Neuro Atlas

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Cerebellum: Efferent Pathways NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Excitatory endings Inhibitory endings of Purkinje cells Motor and premotor cerebral cortex Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus Mesencephalic reticular formation Dentate nucleus Cerebellar cortex Globose nuclei Emboliform nucleus Red nucleus Fastigial nucleus Internal capsule Cerebral peduncle Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles Descending fibers from superior cerebellar peduncles Hook bundle of Russell Section A–B viewed from below Vestibular nuclei Section B–C viewed from above Inferior cerebellar peduncle Inferior olive Lateral reticular nucleus Medulla oblongata Pontomedullary reticular formation A Planes of section: red arrows indicate C direction of view B © FIGURE 2.22 CEREBELLAR EFFERENT PATHWAYS • The cerebellum plays an important role in coordinating movement. It influences descending motor pathways to produce fine, smooth, and coordinated motion. The archicerebellum is primarily involved in controlling posture and balance and movement of the head and eyes. It sends efferent fibers to the appropriate descending motor pathways. The paleocerebellum primarily controls movement of the proximal portions of the limbs. It modifies and coordinates these movements through efferent pathways to the appropriate descending motor pathways. The neocerebellum coordinates the movement of the distal portions of the limbs. It helps in the planning of motor activity (e.g., seeing a pencil and then planning and executing the movement of the arm and hand to pick it up). 73
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Cutaneous Sensory Receptors Basal epithelial cells Hair follicle Free nerve endings Hair shaft Melanocyte Arrector muscle of hair Sebaceous gland Cuticle Internal sheath External sheath Glassy membrane Connective tissue layer Hair cuticle Sweat gland Hair matrix Papilla of hair follicle Pacinian corpuscle Artery Detail of Merkel’s disc Meissner’s corpuscle Pore of sweat gland Vein Sensory nerves Elastic fibers Skin ligaments (retinacula cutis) Motor (autonomic) nerve Desmosomes Cutaneous nerve Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum spinosum Dermal papilla (of papillary layer) Reticular layer Stratum granulosum Subcutaneous artery and vein Cross section Stratum basale Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue Basement membrane Axon terminal Mitochondrion Schwann cell Cytoplasmic protrusion Merkel cell Mitochondria Lobulated nucleus Expanded axon terminal Granulated vesicles Axon © Schwann cell Schwann cells Detail of free nerve ending FIGURE 2.23 SKIN AND CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS • Cutaneous receptors respond to touch (mechanoreceptors), pain (nociceptors), and temperature (thermoreceptors). Several different types of receptors are present in skin. Meissner’s corpuscles have small receptive fields and respond best to stimuli that are applied at low frequency (i.e., flutter). The pacinian corpuscles are located in the subcutaneous tissue and have large receptive fields. They respond best to high-frequency stimulation (i.e., vibration). Merkel’s discs have small receptive fields and respond to touch and pressure (i.e., indenting the skin). Ruffini’s corpuscles have large receptive fields, and they also respond to touch and pressure. Free nerve endings respond to pain and temperature. 74
Page 2 and 3:
Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophys
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword Frank Netter: The Physicia
Page 6 and 7:
Part 1 Neuroanatomy Cerebrum—Medi
Page 8 and 9:
Cerebrum: Inferior View NEUROANATOM
Page 10 and 11:
Thalamus NEUROANATOMY Interventricu
Page 12 and 13:
Brainstem NEUROANATOMY Posterolater
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Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 16 and 17:
Arteries to Brain: Schema NEUROANAT
Page 18 and 19:
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) N
Page 20 and 21:
Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medi
Page 22 and 23:
Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa NE
Page 24 and 25:
Subependymal Veins of Brain NEUROAN
Page 26 and 27:
Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus
Page 28 and 29: Autonomic Nervous System: General T
Page 30 and 31: Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema NEUROAN
Page 32 and 33: Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) an
Page 34 and 35: Facial Nerve (VII): Schema NEUROANA
Page 36 and 37: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Page 38 and 39: Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 40 and 41: Nerves of Heart NEUROANATOMY Superi
Page 42 and 43: Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum NEUR
Page 44 and 45: Nerves of Small Intestine NEUROANAT
Page 46 and 47: Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters and Urin
Page 48 and 49: Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female NE
Page 50 and 51: Ulnar Nerve NEUROANATOMY Anterior v
Page 52 and 53: Radial Nerve in Forearm NEUROANATOM
Page 54 and 55: Tibial Nerve NEUROANATOMY Tibial ne
Page 56 and 57: Part 2 Neurophysiology Organization
Page 58 and 59: Organization of the Brain: Cell Typ
Page 60 and 61: Synaptic Transmission: Morphology o
Page 62 and 63: Synaptic Transmission: Visceral Eff
Page 64 and 65: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Syn
Page 66 and 67: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Brain Ve
Page 68 and 69: Spinal Cord: Ventral Rami NEUROPHYS
Page 70 and 71: Peripheral Nervous System NEUROPHYS
Page 72 and 73: Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinerg
Page 74 and 75: Limbic System NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Genu
Page 76 and 77: Descending Motor Pathways NEUROPHYS
Page 80 and 81: Cutaneous Receptors: Pacinian Corpu
Page 82 and 83: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 84 and 85: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 86 and 87: Sensory Pathways: II NEUROPHYSIOLOG
Page 88 and 89: Visual System: Receptors NEUROPHYSI
Page 90 and 91: Auditory System: Cochlea NEUROPHYSI
Page 92 and 93: Vestibular System: Receptors NEUROP
Page 94 and 95: Gustatory (Taste) System: Receptors
Page 96 and 97: Olfactory System: Receptors NEUROPH
Page 98: Installing Adobe Acrobat Reader The
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