Assessing the economic impacts of nature based tourism in Scotland

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3 A TYPOLOGY OF NATURE BASED TOURISM ACTIVITIES 3.1 Context In developing a typology it is important to recognise that there is a wide range of tourism activities directly dependent on Scotland’s natural heritage resource. Scotland’s marine environment, its inland water, hills, mountains and glens, caves and cliffs, weather conditions, tides and currents, scenery, flora and fauna, and wild land combine to provide a range of outstanding opportunities for visitors to enjoy outdoor activities. In Scotland, tourists can hill walk, mountain bike, horse ride, sea kayak, raft, scuba dive, cave, ice climb, surf, ski, board, sail and glide, paint, photograph or watch, shoot or fish. They can actively engage with the landscape and scenery through, for example, sailing on the Minch, winter climbing on the north face of Ben Nevis, kite surfing at Gullane, scuba diving at St Abbs, surfing off Thurso, mountain biking in the Borders, sea kayaking off the coast of Skye, watching ospreys at Abernethy or fishing the River Tay. Alternatively, many choose to engage with natural heritage in a more passive way by, for example, driving along one of Scotland’s twelve tourist routes, travelling the scenic rail journey from Inverness to Kyle, taking the ferry to Islay or joining the Hebridean Princess for a cruise to St Kilda or the Shetland Islands. Scotland also hosts some of the world’s premier outdoor events that take place in ‘natural’ locations, such as the Mountain Bike World Championships at Nevis Range, and the Wilderness ARC World Challenge Adventure Racing event in Lochaber. As noted in Section 1.3, although these events are about physical challenges, it is the Scottish landscape and geology that provides the challenge and, it could be argued, elicits economic value. The nature based backdrop provides an important setting to these events for participants and spectators. Television coverage may further dwell on the landscape setting and provide a promotional benefit. These are, however, mobile events not tied to natural heritage features in Scotland, and organisers could select alternative locations. National and regional events include the Scottish Island Peaks, Hebridean Challenge, Tiree Wave Classic, and West Highland Yachting Week. 3.2 Establishing a typology Faced with a wide range of activities, Healey and Ilbery (1990) classified natural assets or resources, according to availability, into four main groups: • ‘Ubiquities’, which exist everywhere; • ‘Commonalities’, which are widely available across many areas; • ‘Rarities’, which occur in very few locations; • ‘Uniquities’, which occur in one place only Liu (2003) based his classification on the utilities of natural resources, with the following resource types: • Touristic resources, which are only suitable for tourism purposes • , such as sandy beaches and snowy slopes; • Shared tourist resources, which are mainly used in tourism and a limited number of other industries like fishery and agriculture, such as sea and forest; • Tourism here refers to day trips (e.g. to local beaches) as well as to overnight stays. 13
• Common resources, which are used in most industries and everyday life, such as land and water. The typology of natural heritage tourism adopted for this report is relatively simple and is set out in Table 1. The table also summarises the geographical coverage of the reports identified in Sections 4-11. Table 1 - Nature Based Tourism Typology NATURE BASED TOURISM ACTIVITIES SUB ACTIVITY REPORT COVERAGE Fieldsports Sea Angling Scotland Sport Shooting UK Freshwater Angling Orkney Deer Stalking Scotland Game and Coarse Angling Scotland Wildlife watching All types Scotland Key bird species Scotland All types Highlands & Islands Watching cetaceans West Coast; Moray Firth Field Studies (no reports found) Walking and mountain sports Long Distance Routes Walking Mountaineering & Walking Snow sports (snowboarding, downhill skiing, cross country skiing, telemarking, blading skiboarding). Adventure Holidays (Corporate activities, gorge walking, rafting, paragliding, abseiling) Southern Upland Way; Fife Coastal Path Scotland Highlands & Islands Highlands & Islands Highlands & Islands Cycling Mountain biking Scotland Cycling and mountain biking Scotland; Highlands & Islands Mountain bike event Fort William Horse riding Equestrian activities Highlands & Islands Horse industry UK Watersports Paddle sports River Spey Off shore Sailing Firth of Clyde Coastal activities Scotland Wind surfing event Tiree Tourism based facilities and sites Visitor use of path networks Tourism in forests Tourism on canals Touring by road Touring by rail Scotland Scotland UK ( no relevant reports found) 14
Page 1 and 2: Scottish Natural Heritage Commissio
Page 3 and 4: COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Assessi
Page 5 and 6: 7 CYCLING 45 7.1 Mountain biking 45
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Page Table 1 - Natur
Page 9 and 10: 1.3 Nature-based tourism For the pu
Page 11 and 12: market and accounts for 83% of tour
Page 13 and 14: expenditure during these trips was
Page 15 and 16: nature site • . Were this spend t
Page 17 and 18: Team members already held many rele
Page 19: 2.3.2 Assessing employment and inco
Page 23 and 24: 4 FIELD SPORTS The findings from th
Page 25 and 26: 4.2 Deer management The Contributio
Page 27 and 28: Table 11 - Deer Management in Scotl
Page 29 and 30: • Sea angling questions incorpora
Page 31 and 32: 4.6 Other studies • The trips mos
Page 33 and 34: 3. The Economic Impact of Game and
Page 35 and 36: 5 WILDLIFE WATCHING 5.1 Wildlife to
Page 37 and 38: These impacts appear to us to be ov
Page 39 and 40: Wildlife watching Substantial but n
Page 41 and 42: • Abseiling - allows safe descent
Page 43 and 44: Client: HIE, SNH and VisitScotland
Page 45 and 46: those who said they were walking al
Page 47 and 48: oute was estimated to be in the reg
Page 49 and 50: participants, though in terms of vo
Page 51 and 52: Visit Scotland (2009) provides a fi
Page 53 and 54: This evaluation assessed the ultima
Page 55 and 56: For these motivational reasons, Gre
Page 57 and 58: 8 HORSE RIDING 8.1 Equestrian sport
Page 59 and 60: 9 WATERSPORTS Some watersports can
Page 61 and 62: Watersports are defined in this rep
Page 63 and 64: The methodology resulted in small s
Page 65 and 66: 10 NATURE-RELATED SITES AND FACILIT
Page 67 and 68: Forest Table 29 - Mean spend per tr
Page 69 and 70: Scotland’s canals: the economic e
Page 71 and 72:
once displacement is allowed for -
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explore the issues they saw as bein
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Recent visitor surveys in Orkney (A
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Table 45 - UK visitor activities un
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12 THE NATURAL HERITAGE IN SCOTLAND
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12.4 International marketing Intern
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Scotland’s NNR Magical Places Ama
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13 PAN-SCOTLAND ANALYSIS 13.1 Reaso
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Table 49 - Value of tourism outside
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The total of which this contributio
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Similarly, it is not possible to sp
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Table 52 - Estimated Impacts by act
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14 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESE
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Recommendation 4: It would be desir
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George Street Research and Jones Ec
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Press and Journal. 2010. Tourists g
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Appendix A: Categories of Natural H
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• (Mixed - 19%) The types of walk
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Cycling Segments Scott Porter’s 2
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aqua / snorkelling) or on longer ho
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Appendix B - Methodological Notes 1
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