English Grammar Drills

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Verb Tenses 135 The use of the past tense also tells us that the speaker no longer works for that company today. If the speaker were still working for that company today, the speaker would have used the present perfect tense: I have worked for that company for six years. Future tense In traditional grammar, the future tense consists of the helping verb will followed by a verb in the base form. For example: I will see them at the meeting this afternoon. It will rain all next week. The company will hire a new personnel director later this year. The future tense is often combined with a perfect or progressive. For example: Perfect My sister will have already left by now. They will have gotten up early this morning. The plane will have landed by now. Progressive They will be clearing customs by now. My family will be staying in London over Christmas. I will be watching the game on TV this afternoon. Perfect tenses The perfect tenses all consist of some form of the helping verb have followed by a verb in the past participle form. The present perfect uses the present tense (has or have). The past perfect uses the past-tense form had. The future perfect uses the future-tense form will have. What’s so perfect about the perfect tenses? Nothing. The term perfect comes from a Latin phrase per factus, which means “completely done.” The key idea of the perfect tenses is that they allow us to talk about actions or events that span a period of time up to some final limiting time or other limiting event. The action or event is finished (“perfected”) at or before that limiting time or event. The present perfect is used for past-time actions or events whose action or consequences continue up to the present moment of time. The past perfect is for past-time actions or events
136 Verb Phrases that were finished before some more recent time or event. The future perfect is for future time actions or events that will be finished before some later time or event. Present perfect The present perfect is formed by the present tense of have (has or have) followed by a verb in the past participle form. Here are some examples: I have known him all my life. We have always shopped at Ralph’s. He has just returned. That faucet has been leaking for weeks. Thanks, but I have already had dinner. To understand the meaning of the present perfect, we must contrast it with the meaning of the simple past tense. Compare the following examples: Past tense: Present perfect: I lived in Tampa for five years. (I don’t live there anymore.) I have lived in Tampa for five years. (I still live there today.) The use of the past tense in the first example signals that the speaker no longer lives in Tampa. The action was completed at some point in the past that no longer touches the present. The use of the present perfect in the second example tells us just the opposite—that the speaker is still living in Tampa today. In general, the past tense emphasizes that the actions or events described through the use of the past tense are over with; they do not directly impact the present. The present perfect is just the opposite: it emphasizes the ongoing connection between the past and the present. In the second example sentence above, the speaker has lived in Tampa continuously for the last five years, right up to the present moment. Here are some more examples of the present perfect for events that have spanned an unbroken period of time up to the present moment: She has studied <strong>English</strong> since she came to the university. They have shown that same cartoon for the last three weeks. As long as I can remember, I have always hated broccoli. The company has never missed paying a dividend in its history. A less obvious use of the present perfect is for single events, even unique ones, that continue to directly impact the present. For example, compare the use of the past tense and the present perfect in the following sentence:
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS Mark Lester
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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Preface This book focuses on the gr
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PART 1 Noun Phrases
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1 Nouns Proper and common nouns The
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Count nouns Nouns 5 Most count noun
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Nouns 7 Singular fly toy Plural fli
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Nouns 9 on the pronunciation of the
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Nouns 11 thief wolf thieves wolves
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Nouns 13 cheese (noncount): cheese
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Nouns 15 that the -s’ with these
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Nouns 17 Exercise 1.7 Write the plu
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Adjectives 19 1. It always immediat
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Adjectives 21 3. fast/all fast: all
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Adjectives 23 -Y Base Comparative S
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Adjectives 25 13. physical 14. stra
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3 Articles Articles are by far the
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Articles 29 The use of the definite
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Articles 31 In the first example, w
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Articles 33 This is the first time
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Articles 35 4. Go down Elm Street a
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Articles 37 1. When the speaker doe
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Articles 39 Exercise 3.6 Fill in th
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Articles 41 Dogs are usually protec
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Articles 43 4. Can you get bread an
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Post-Noun Modifiers 45 The tall you
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Post-Noun Modifiers 47 beyond betwe
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Post-Noun Modifiers 49 As you can s
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Post-Noun Modifiers 51 We interview
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Post-Noun Modifiers 53 In this sent
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Post-Noun Modifiers 55 In the follo
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Post-Noun Modifiers 57 13. The key
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Post-Noun Modifiers 59 12. They ide
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Post-Noun Modifiers 61 1. The Shake
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Post-Noun Modifiers 63 1. By far th
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Post-Noun Modifiers 65 Since we typ
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5 Pronouns In this chapter we will
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Pronouns 69 Object Him: Her: It: Th
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Pronouns 71 Subject: Object: Comple
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Pronouns 73 Of the two solutions, t
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Reflexive pronouns Pronouns 75 Refl
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Pronouns 77 4. I told them that I w
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Pronouns 79 4. I couldn’t help sm
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Gerunds and Infinitives 81 Exercise
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Gerunds and Infinitives 83 it Don
Page 94 and 95: Gerunds and Infinitives 85 Gerund:
Page 96 and 97: Gerunds and Infinitives 87 Infiniti
Page 98 and 99: Gerunds and Infinitives 89 13. The
Page 100 and 101: 7 Noun Clauses Noun clauses are dep
Page 102 and 103: Noun Clauses 93 Predicate nominativ
Page 104 and 105: Noun Clauses 95 1. That it was over
Page 106 and 107: Noun Clauses 97 3. The experiment t
Page 108 and 109: Wh- clauses Noun Clauses 99 The sec
Page 110 and 111: Noun Clauses 101 it The question is
Page 112 and 113: Noun Clauses 103 When we hear or re
Page 114 and 115: Noun Clauses 105 9. My friends were
Page 116 and 117: Noun Clauses 107 5. They were natur
Page 118 and 119: PART 2 Verb Phrases
Page 120 and 121: 8 Basic Verb Forms This chapter dea
Page 122 and 123: Basic Verb Forms 113 We can show th
Page 124 and 125: Present tense Basic Verb Forms 115
Page 126 and 127: Basic Verb Forms 117 The third-pers
Page 128 and 129: Basic Verb Forms 119 16. show 17. f
Page 130 and 131: Basic Verb Forms 121 12. approach 1
Page 132 and 133: Basic Verb Forms 123 Base hop rob r
Page 134 and 135: Present participle Basic Verb Forms
Page 136 and 137: Basic Verb Forms 127 fly freeze hid
Page 138 and 139: 9 Verb Tenses This chapter deals wi
Page 140 and 141: Verb Tenses 131 Been is a helping v
Page 142 and 143: Verb Tenses 133 The present tense i
Page 146 and 147: Verb Tenses 137 past tense present
Page 148 and 149: Verb Tenses 139 The audience took t
Page 150 and 151: Verb Tenses 141 The train leave the
Page 152 and 153: Verb Tenses 143 The practical diffe
Page 154 and 155: Verb Tenses 145 12. The design cons
Page 156 and 157: Future progressive Verb Tenses 147
Page 158 and 159: Simple Verb Complements 149 In this
Page 160 and 161: Simple Verb Complements 151 The old
Page 162 and 163: Simple Verb Complements 153 it I ne
Page 164 and 165: Simple Verb Complements 155 Even mo
Page 166 and 167: Simple Verb Complements 157 The obv
Page 168 and 169: Simple Verb Complements 159 14. We
Page 170 and 171: Simple Verb Complements 161 3. The
Page 172 and 173: Simple Verb Complements 163 14. Our
Page 174 and 175: Simple Verb Complements 165 1. The
Page 176 and 177: 11 Multiple Verb Complements A comp
Page 178 and 179: Multiple Verb Complements 169 6. Pa
Page 180 and 181: Multiple Verb Complements 171 1. My
Page 182 and 183: Multiple Verb Complements 173 In bo
Page 184 and 185: Multiple Verb Complements 175 8. Th
Page 186 and 187: Multiple Verb Complements 177 He dr
Page 188 and 189: Multiple Verb Complements 179 8. Th
Page 190 and 191: Multiple Verb Complements 181 That
Page 192 and 193: Multiple Verb Complements 183 Even
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Multiple Verb Complements 185 causa
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Multiple Verb Complements 187 Exerc
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Multiple Verb Complements 189 Objec
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Multiple Verb Complements 191 14. I
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Adverbs 193 3. now 4. also 5. even
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Adverbs 195 honest jealous last qui
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Adverbs 197 Adjectives due gay true
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Adverbs 199 completely The plan was
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Adverbs 201 Exercise 12.5 Underline
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Adverbs 203 Sub Conj statement I’
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Adverbs 205 Adverb infinitive phras
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Adverbs 207 Adverbs of place (singl
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Order of adverbs Adverbs 209 There
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Adverbs 211 14. to get any real com
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PART 3 Sentences
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13 Questions and Negatives Every la
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Questions and Negatives 217 The bas
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Questions and Negatives 219 2. You
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Questions and Negatives 221 Here ar
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Questions and Negatives 223 3. That
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Questions and Negatives 225 8. The
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Questions and Negatives 227 Noun ph
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Questions and Negatives 229 Here ar
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Questions and Negatives 231 11. He
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Questions and Negatives 233 3. The
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Questions and Negatives 235 5. Why
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Questions and Negatives 237 Here is
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Questions and Negatives 239 7. I am
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Questions and Negatives 241 Exercis
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Questions and Negatives 243 changes
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Questions and Negatives 245 Often a
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Questions and Negatives 247 Exercis
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14 The Passive In most sentences, t
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The Passive 251 3. Finally, the mys
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The Passive 253 McGraw-Hill publish
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The Passive 255 Active: Passive: Mo
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The Passive 257 10. They are talkin
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15 Indirect Quotation There are two
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Indirect Quotation 261 Present prog
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Indirect Quotation 263 3. Rudy said
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Indirect Quotation 265 In many lang
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Indirect Quotation 267 4. They aske
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Indirect Quotation 269 Exercise 15.
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Final Review 271 Exercise 16.2 (Cha
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Final Review 273 4. Be careful, the
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Final Review 275 Exercise 16.9 (Cha
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Final Review 277 5. The students co
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Final Review 279 Exercise 16.16 (Ch
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Final Review 281 9. I certainly sym
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Final Review 283 4. reply 5. ship 6
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Final Review 285 6. We go for a swi
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Final Review 287 8. She dressed up
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Final Review 289 2. What book have
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Final Review 291 8. After the prese
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Final Review 293 Exercise 16.34 (Ch
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Answer Key Chapter 1 Exercise 1.1 1
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Answer Key 297 Exercise 2.3 1. capa
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Answer Key 299 Chapter 4 Exercise 4
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Answer Key 301 4. that you can wear
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Answer Key 303 Exercise 6.2 1. Putt
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Answer Key 305 using his hands. 4.
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Answer Key 307 Chapter 9 Exercise 9
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Answer Key 309 Exercise 10.4 1. Ins
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Answer Key 311 of State for Latin A
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Answer Key 313 Exercise 11.13 1. Ob
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Answer Key 315 last ice storm, the
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Answer Key 317 Exercise 13.6 1. ∅
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Answer Key 319 Chapter 14 Exercise
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Answer Key 321 of her car yet. 9. A
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Answer Key 323 Exercise 16.12 1. my
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Answer Key 325 Exercise 16.25 1. vi
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