English Grammar Drills

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Count nouns Nouns 5 Most count nouns in English form their plural by adding a sibilant sound written as -s or -es. Plurals formed this way are called regular plurals. Some nouns form their plural in other ways. They are called irregular plurals. The spelling of a regular plural is determined by its pronunciation. If the plural is pronounced as a single sibilant sound pronounced either as /s/ or /z/, then the plural is spelled -s. However, if the plural is pronounced as a separate unstressed syllable /әz/ rhyming with “buzz,” then the plural is spelled -es. Here are some examples of each type: Spelling of plural -s (pronounced /s/): hats, cops, tricks, paths -s (pronounced /z/): rugs, cabs, rings, keys, shoes -es (pronounced /әz/): wishes, glasses, catches, buzzes Sometimes the spelling of regular plurals is disguised by the spelling rule that governs the use of a final silent e. The basic rule is that we add a final silent e to show that the preceding vowel is long. For example, compare the following words: Short vowel: Long vowel: cap (a is a short vowel /æ/ as in ask) cape (a is a long vowel /ey/ as in grape) We make both of these words plural by adding a single sibilant sound: Singular cap cape Plural caps /-ps/ capes /-ps The final silent e in the word cape makes the plural look like the -es is pronounced as a separate syllable /әz/, but it is not. We have merely added a single sibilant sound, /s/, to the end of the singular form. Caps and capes have the same plural /s/ sound because although the silent e makes the a long, it plays no role in the pronunciation of the plural ending. Just pretend that final silent e is not there when you pronounce the /s/. The pronunciation of the plural in regular nouns is determined by the final sound of the singular form of the noun according to the following three rules: 1. If the noun ends in a voiceless consonant sound (except a sibilant), then the plural is formed with the voiceless sibilant /s/, which is spelled -s. Here are examples of all the consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /p/ cap-caps; cop-cops; snap-snaps; shape-shapes; hope-hopes /t/ hat-hats; boat-boats; beast-beasts; fate-fates; rebate-rebates
6 Noun Phrases /k/ back-backs; leak-leaks; trick-tricks; bike-bikes; lake-lakes /f/ cliff-cliffs; cough-coughs; laugh-laughs; cuff-cuffs; sniff-sniffs /θ/ path-paths; lath-laths; monolith-monoliths, bath-baths 2. If the noun ends in a voiced consonant sound (except a sibilant) or any vowel (all vowels in English are voiced), then the plural is formed with the voiced sibilant /z/, which is also spelled -s. Here are examples of all the consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /b/ lab-labs; web-webs; blob-blobs; globe-globes; tube-tubes /d/ bed-beds; fluid-fluids; flood-floods; code-codes; shade-shades /g/ bug-bugs; rag-rags; flag-flags, pig-pigs; hog-hogs /v/ wave-waves; hive-hives; love-loves; live-lives; cove-coves /l/ girl-girls; pill-pills; wheel-wheels; role-roles; rule-rules /m/ ham-hams; farm-farms; room-rooms; flame-flames; home-homes /n/ hen-hens; teen-teens; moon-moons; loan-loans; tune-tunes; throne-thrones /ŋ/ ring-rings; thing-things; throng-throngs; rung-rungs; song-songs Since all vowels are voiced in English, this rule also governs the plural of all words ending in a vowel sound. For example: sea-seas; zoo-zoos; cow-cows; bee-bees; show-shows; tree-trees Words ending in the letter y are little more complicated. When the singular form of a word ends in a consonant the letter y (that is, when the letter y represents a vowel sound), we form the regular plural by changing the y to i and adding -es. (There is a schoolroom saying that goes like this: “Change the y to i and add -es.”) The plural -s is pronounced /z/ in the expected way. The change of y to ie does not affect pronunciation—it is a graphic change only. Here are some examples (all with a /z/ pronunciation): Singular baby family lady sky story Plural babies families ladies skies stories When the letter y is combined with a vowel, a different spelling rule applies. To see the difference, compare the spellings of the plurals of the words fly and toy:
Page 2 and 3: ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS
Page 4 and 5: ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS Mark Lester
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 8 and 9: Preface This book focuses on the gr
Page 10 and 11: PART 1 Noun Phrases
Page 12 and 13: 1 Nouns Proper and common nouns The
Page 16 and 17: Nouns 7 Singular fly toy Plural fli
Page 18 and 19: Nouns 9 on the pronunciation of the
Page 20 and 21: Nouns 11 thief wolf thieves wolves
Page 22 and 23: Nouns 13 cheese (noncount): cheese
Page 24 and 25: Nouns 15 that the -s’ with these
Page 26 and 27: Nouns 17 Exercise 1.7 Write the plu
Page 28 and 29: Adjectives 19 1. It always immediat
Page 30 and 31: Adjectives 21 3. fast/all fast: all
Page 32 and 33: Adjectives 23 -Y Base Comparative S
Page 34 and 35: Adjectives 25 13. physical 14. stra
Page 36 and 37: 3 Articles Articles are by far the
Page 38 and 39: Articles 29 The use of the definite
Page 40 and 41: Articles 31 In the first example, w
Page 42 and 43: Articles 33 This is the first time
Page 44 and 45: Articles 35 4. Go down Elm Street a
Page 46 and 47: Articles 37 1. When the speaker doe
Page 48 and 49: Articles 39 Exercise 3.6 Fill in th
Page 50 and 51: Articles 41 Dogs are usually protec
Page 52 and 53: Articles 43 4. Can you get bread an
Page 54 and 55: Post-Noun Modifiers 45 The tall you
Page 56 and 57: Post-Noun Modifiers 47 beyond betwe
Page 58 and 59: Post-Noun Modifiers 49 As you can s
Page 60 and 61: Post-Noun Modifiers 51 We interview
Page 62 and 63: Post-Noun Modifiers 53 In this sent
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Post-Noun Modifiers 55 In the follo
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Post-Noun Modifiers 57 13. The key
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Post-Noun Modifiers 59 12. They ide
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Post-Noun Modifiers 61 1. The Shake
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Post-Noun Modifiers 63 1. By far th
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Post-Noun Modifiers 65 Since we typ
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5 Pronouns In this chapter we will
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Pronouns 69 Object Him: Her: It: Th
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Pronouns 71 Subject: Object: Comple
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Pronouns 73 Of the two solutions, t
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Reflexive pronouns Pronouns 75 Refl
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Pronouns 77 4. I told them that I w
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Pronouns 79 4. I couldn’t help sm
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Gerunds and Infinitives 81 Exercise
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Gerunds and Infinitives 83 it Don
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Gerunds and Infinitives 85 Gerund:
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Gerunds and Infinitives 87 Infiniti
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Gerunds and Infinitives 89 13. The
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7 Noun Clauses Noun clauses are dep
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Noun Clauses 93 Predicate nominativ
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Noun Clauses 95 1. That it was over
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Noun Clauses 97 3. The experiment t
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Wh- clauses Noun Clauses 99 The sec
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Noun Clauses 101 it The question is
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Noun Clauses 103 When we hear or re
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Noun Clauses 105 9. My friends were
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Noun Clauses 107 5. They were natur
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PART 2 Verb Phrases
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8 Basic Verb Forms This chapter dea
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Basic Verb Forms 113 We can show th
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Present tense Basic Verb Forms 115
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Basic Verb Forms 117 The third-pers
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Basic Verb Forms 119 16. show 17. f
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Basic Verb Forms 121 12. approach 1
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Basic Verb Forms 123 Base hop rob r
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Present participle Basic Verb Forms
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Basic Verb Forms 127 fly freeze hid
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9 Verb Tenses This chapter deals wi
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Verb Tenses 131 Been is a helping v
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Verb Tenses 133 The present tense i
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Verb Tenses 135 The use of the past
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Verb Tenses 137 past tense present
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Verb Tenses 139 The audience took t
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Verb Tenses 141 The train leave the
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Verb Tenses 143 The practical diffe
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Verb Tenses 145 12. The design cons
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Future progressive Verb Tenses 147
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Simple Verb Complements 149 In this
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Simple Verb Complements 151 The old
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Simple Verb Complements 153 it I ne
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Simple Verb Complements 155 Even mo
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Simple Verb Complements 157 The obv
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Simple Verb Complements 159 14. We
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Simple Verb Complements 161 3. The
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Simple Verb Complements 163 14. Our
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Simple Verb Complements 165 1. The
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11 Multiple Verb Complements A comp
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Multiple Verb Complements 169 6. Pa
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Multiple Verb Complements 171 1. My
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Multiple Verb Complements 173 In bo
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Multiple Verb Complements 175 8. Th
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Multiple Verb Complements 177 He dr
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Multiple Verb Complements 179 8. Th
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Multiple Verb Complements 181 That
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Multiple Verb Complements 183 Even
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Multiple Verb Complements 185 causa
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Multiple Verb Complements 187 Exerc
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Multiple Verb Complements 189 Objec
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Multiple Verb Complements 191 14. I
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Adverbs 193 3. now 4. also 5. even
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Adverbs 195 honest jealous last qui
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Adverbs 197 Adjectives due gay true
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Adverbs 199 completely The plan was
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Adverbs 201 Exercise 12.5 Underline
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Adverbs 203 Sub Conj statement I’
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Adverbs 205 Adverb infinitive phras
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Adverbs 207 Adverbs of place (singl
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Order of adverbs Adverbs 209 There
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Adverbs 211 14. to get any real com
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PART 3 Sentences
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13 Questions and Negatives Every la
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Questions and Negatives 217 The bas
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Questions and Negatives 219 2. You
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Questions and Negatives 221 Here ar
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Questions and Negatives 223 3. That
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Questions and Negatives 225 8. The
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Questions and Negatives 227 Noun ph
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Questions and Negatives 229 Here ar
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Questions and Negatives 231 11. He
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Questions and Negatives 233 3. The
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Questions and Negatives 235 5. Why
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Questions and Negatives 237 Here is
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Questions and Negatives 239 7. I am
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Questions and Negatives 241 Exercis
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Questions and Negatives 243 changes
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Questions and Negatives 245 Often a
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Questions and Negatives 247 Exercis
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14 The Passive In most sentences, t
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The Passive 251 3. Finally, the mys
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The Passive 253 McGraw-Hill publish
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The Passive 255 Active: Passive: Mo
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The Passive 257 10. They are talkin
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15 Indirect Quotation There are two
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Indirect Quotation 261 Present prog
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Indirect Quotation 263 3. Rudy said
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Indirect Quotation 265 In many lang
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Indirect Quotation 267 4. They aske
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Indirect Quotation 269 Exercise 15.
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Final Review 271 Exercise 16.2 (Cha
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Final Review 273 4. Be careful, the
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Final Review 275 Exercise 16.9 (Cha
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Final Review 277 5. The students co
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Final Review 279 Exercise 16.16 (Ch
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Final Review 281 9. I certainly sym
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Final Review 283 4. reply 5. ship 6
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Final Review 285 6. We go for a swi
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Final Review 287 8. She dressed up
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Final Review 289 2. What book have
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Final Review 291 8. After the prese
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Final Review 293 Exercise 16.34 (Ch
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Answer Key Chapter 1 Exercise 1.1 1
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Answer Key 297 Exercise 2.3 1. capa
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Answer Key 299 Chapter 4 Exercise 4
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Answer Key 301 4. that you can wear
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Answer Key 303 Exercise 6.2 1. Putt
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Answer Key 305 using his hands. 4.
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Answer Key 307 Chapter 9 Exercise 9
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Answer Key 309 Exercise 10.4 1. Ins
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Answer Key 311 of State for Latin A
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Answer Key 313 Exercise 11.13 1. Ob
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Answer Key 315 last ice storm, the
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Answer Key 317 Exercise 13.6 1. ∅
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Answer Key 319 Chapter 14 Exercise
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Answer Key 321 of her car yet. 9. A
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Answer Key 323 Exercise 16.12 1. my
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Answer Key 325 Exercise 16.25 1. vi
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English Grammar Drills

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