English Grammar Drills

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15 Indirect Quotation There are two forms of quotation: direct and indirect. Direct quotation uses quotation marks to signal that we are repeating someone’s words exactly as the person said or wrote them. In this chapter we will discuss how to correctly use indirect quotation—quotation without the use of quotation marks. An indirect quotation is putting someone else’s words into your own sentence. While indirect quotation allows a certain amount of freedom in how the writer reports the words of someone else, this freedom of expression does not release the writer from full responsibility for accurately reporting the content of what is being reported. Indirect quotations consist of a verb of reporting followed by a noun clause beginning with that (a that clause—see Chapter 7). For example: Pinker argues that the brains of mammals follow a common general plan. In this example, the that clause is the object of the verb argues. Indirect quotation is very different from direct quotation. To see the differences, compare the following quotes: Direct: Indirect: Tom said, “My parents are going to Malta this summer.” Tom said that his parents were going to Malta this summer. If you look closely, you will see a number of differences between the two types of quotations. • The most obvious and important difference is the use of quotation marks. If a quotation is in quotation marks, it is a direct quote. If it is not in quotation marks, it is an indirect quotation. • Both direct and indirect quotations use the same verb said to introduce the quote, but in the case of direct quotation, said is separated from the quoted material by a comma. No comma is used in the indirect quote. 259
260 Sentences • The indirect quotation uses that to introduce the quoted material. Direct quotation cannot use that in this manner. • In the direct quotation, the quoted material begins with a capital letter; in the indirect quotation, the paraphrased material begins with a lowercase letter. • The tenses in the two quotations are different. The direct quotation is in the present tense. The indirect quotation is in the past tense. • There is a difference in pronouns. The my in the direct quotation shifts to his in the indirect quotation. The use of that is especially significant because sometimes it is the only way we can tell the difference between direct and indirect quotation. For example, could you use quotation marks with the following sentence? Bill said that his parents had enjoyed their trip to Malta. The answer is that you could not because that signals an indirect quotation. We can never use that with direct quotation. One of the characteristics of that clauses (including that clauses used in indirect quotation) is that we may optionally delete that. However, deleting that in indirect quotation is a really bad idea because that is one of the best ways to distinguish direct and indirect quotation. Accordingly, in the following discussion, we will always retain that in indirect quotation. Compare the following direct and indirect quotations: Direct: Indirect: She said, “I am going home soon.” She said that she was going home soon. The direct quotation is in the present progressive tense (am going). In the indirect quotation, the verb has shifted to the past progressive tense (was going). The standard name for this is backshifting. Moving from direct quotation to indirect quotation involves a surprisingly elaborate set of backshifts from present tenses to past tenses, and from past tenses to past perfect tenses. The basic rule is this: Present tenses ⇒ past tenses Past tenses ⇒ past perfect tenses Here are some examples of present tenses backshifting to past tenses: Present tense ⇒ past tense Direct: He said, “I have to go.” Indirect: He said that he had to go.
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS Mark Lester
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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Preface This book focuses on the gr
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PART 1 Noun Phrases
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1 Nouns Proper and common nouns The
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Count nouns Nouns 5 Most count noun
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Nouns 7 Singular fly toy Plural fli
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Nouns 9 on the pronunciation of the
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Nouns 11 thief wolf thieves wolves
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Nouns 13 cheese (noncount): cheese
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Nouns 15 that the -s’ with these
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Nouns 17 Exercise 1.7 Write the plu
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Adjectives 19 1. It always immediat
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Adjectives 21 3. fast/all fast: all
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Adjectives 23 -Y Base Comparative S
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Adjectives 25 13. physical 14. stra
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3 Articles Articles are by far the
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Articles 29 The use of the definite
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Articles 31 In the first example, w
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Articles 33 This is the first time
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Articles 35 4. Go down Elm Street a
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Articles 37 1. When the speaker doe
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Articles 39 Exercise 3.6 Fill in th
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Articles 41 Dogs are usually protec
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Articles 43 4. Can you get bread an
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Post-Noun Modifiers 45 The tall you
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Post-Noun Modifiers 47 beyond betwe
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Post-Noun Modifiers 49 As you can s
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Post-Noun Modifiers 51 We interview
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Post-Noun Modifiers 53 In this sent
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Post-Noun Modifiers 55 In the follo
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Post-Noun Modifiers 57 13. The key
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Post-Noun Modifiers 59 12. They ide
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Post-Noun Modifiers 61 1. The Shake
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Post-Noun Modifiers 63 1. By far th
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Post-Noun Modifiers 65 Since we typ
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5 Pronouns In this chapter we will
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Pronouns 69 Object Him: Her: It: Th
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Pronouns 71 Subject: Object: Comple
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Pronouns 73 Of the two solutions, t
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Reflexive pronouns Pronouns 75 Refl
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Pronouns 77 4. I told them that I w
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Pronouns 79 4. I couldn’t help sm
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Gerunds and Infinitives 81 Exercise
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Gerunds and Infinitives 83 it Don
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Gerunds and Infinitives 85 Gerund:
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Gerunds and Infinitives 87 Infiniti
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Gerunds and Infinitives 89 13. The
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7 Noun Clauses Noun clauses are dep
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Noun Clauses 93 Predicate nominativ
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Noun Clauses 95 1. That it was over
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Noun Clauses 97 3. The experiment t
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Wh- clauses Noun Clauses 99 The sec
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Noun Clauses 101 it The question is
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Noun Clauses 103 When we hear or re
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Noun Clauses 105 9. My friends were
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Noun Clauses 107 5. They were natur
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PART 2 Verb Phrases
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8 Basic Verb Forms This chapter dea
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Basic Verb Forms 113 We can show th
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Present tense Basic Verb Forms 115
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Basic Verb Forms 117 The third-pers
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Basic Verb Forms 119 16. show 17. f
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Basic Verb Forms 121 12. approach 1
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Basic Verb Forms 123 Base hop rob r
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Present participle Basic Verb Forms
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Basic Verb Forms 127 fly freeze hid
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9 Verb Tenses This chapter deals wi
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Verb Tenses 131 Been is a helping v
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Verb Tenses 133 The present tense i
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Verb Tenses 135 The use of the past
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Verb Tenses 137 past tense present
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Verb Tenses 139 The audience took t
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Verb Tenses 141 The train leave the
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Verb Tenses 143 The practical diffe
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Verb Tenses 145 12. The design cons
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Future progressive Verb Tenses 147
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Simple Verb Complements 149 In this
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Simple Verb Complements 151 The old
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Simple Verb Complements 153 it I ne
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Simple Verb Complements 155 Even mo
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Simple Verb Complements 157 The obv
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Simple Verb Complements 159 14. We
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Simple Verb Complements 161 3. The
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Simple Verb Complements 163 14. Our
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Simple Verb Complements 165 1. The
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11 Multiple Verb Complements A comp
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Multiple Verb Complements 169 6. Pa
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Multiple Verb Complements 171 1. My
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Multiple Verb Complements 173 In bo
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Multiple Verb Complements 175 8. Th
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Multiple Verb Complements 177 He dr
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Multiple Verb Complements 179 8. Th
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Multiple Verb Complements 181 That
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Multiple Verb Complements 183 Even
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Multiple Verb Complements 185 causa
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Multiple Verb Complements 187 Exerc
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Multiple Verb Complements 189 Objec
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Multiple Verb Complements 191 14. I
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Adverbs 193 3. now 4. also 5. even
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Adverbs 195 honest jealous last qui
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Adverbs 197 Adjectives due gay true
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Adverbs 199 completely The plan was
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Adverbs 201 Exercise 12.5 Underline
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Adverbs 203 Sub Conj statement I’
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Adverbs 205 Adverb infinitive phras
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Adverbs 207 Adverbs of place (singl
Page 218 and 219: Order of adverbs Adverbs 209 There
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Page 224 and 225: 13 Questions and Negatives Every la
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Page 232 and 233: Questions and Negatives 223 3. That
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Page 240 and 241: Questions and Negatives 231 11. He
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Page 248 and 249: Questions and Negatives 239 7. I am
Page 250 and 251: Questions and Negatives 241 Exercis
Page 252 and 253: Questions and Negatives 243 changes
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Page 256 and 257: Questions and Negatives 247 Exercis
Page 258 and 259: 14 The Passive In most sentences, t
Page 260 and 261: The Passive 251 3. Finally, the mys
Page 262 and 263: The Passive 253 McGraw-Hill publish
Page 264 and 265: The Passive 255 Active: Passive: Mo
Page 266 and 267: The Passive 257 10. They are talkin
Page 270 and 271: Indirect Quotation 261 Present prog
Page 272 and 273: Indirect Quotation 263 3. Rudy said
Page 274 and 275: Indirect Quotation 265 In many lang
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Page 278 and 279: Indirect Quotation 269 Exercise 15.
Page 280 and 281: Final Review 271 Exercise 16.2 (Cha
Page 282 and 283: Final Review 273 4. Be careful, the
Page 284 and 285: Final Review 275 Exercise 16.9 (Cha
Page 286 and 287: Final Review 277 5. The students co
Page 288 and 289: Final Review 279 Exercise 16.16 (Ch
Page 290 and 291: Final Review 281 9. I certainly sym
Page 292 and 293: Final Review 283 4. reply 5. ship 6
Page 294 and 295: Final Review 285 6. We go for a swi
Page 296 and 297: Final Review 287 8. She dressed up
Page 298 and 299: Final Review 289 2. What book have
Page 300 and 301: Final Review 291 8. After the prese
Page 302 and 303: Final Review 293 Exercise 16.34 (Ch
Page 304 and 305: Answer Key Chapter 1 Exercise 1.1 1
Page 306 and 307: Answer Key 297 Exercise 2.3 1. capa
Page 308 and 309: Answer Key 299 Chapter 4 Exercise 4
Page 310 and 311: Answer Key 301 4. that you can wear
Page 312 and 313: Answer Key 303 Exercise 6.2 1. Putt
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Page 316 and 317: Answer Key 307 Chapter 9 Exercise 9
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Answer Key 309 Exercise 10.4 1. Ins
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Answer Key 311 of State for Latin A
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Answer Key 313 Exercise 11.13 1. Ob
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Answer Key 315 last ice storm, the
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Answer Key 317 Exercise 13.6 1. ∅
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Answer Key 319 Chapter 14 Exercise
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Answer Key 321 of her car yet. 9. A
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Answer Key 323 Exercise 16.12 1. my
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Answer Key 325 Exercise 16.25 1. vi
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