Lifespan and Causes of Death in the Irish Wolfhound - Vetsuisse ...

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4 Dogs, Materials and Methods 4.1 Dogs Pedigree data were collected from various national studbooks, specialised publications (Graham 1906/1959; Murphy 1991), and club yearbooks (Anonymous 1922-2005). Further data were taken from breeders’ records, personal communications from veterinary researchers and the electronic databases of both Small Animal Clinics of the Vetsuisse Faculty in Berne and Zurich. At the time of analysis, the pedigree database contained n=50’822 individuals born between 1862 and 2005. Lifespan data were known for n=2016 individuals, while causes of death were known for n=530 individuals. The whole of these data are summarised as "present data" and analysed in chapter 6. Additionally, information on lifespan and causes of death of n=572 and n=161 individuals respectively was obtained from two previously published North American studies (Bernardi 1986; Prokopenko 1998), the data of which were provided by their respective authors for re-analysis. The data were anonymised, i.e. no pedigree information was available for the dogs in them. Information on lifespan of n=627 UK/Irish dogs and data of n=838 dogs alive by the end of the year 1990 were also available (Murphy 1991). As opposed to the two other databases, these included detailed pedigree information. Due to statistical considerations (significant differences between databases; differing threshold definitions of right censored data), all three of these databases were analysed separately from the data in our main database (see chapter 5). 4.2 Software 4.2.1 Pedigree Explorer (PedX) Pedigree Explorer ® (de Jong 2002-2006) is a commercially available software (www.breedmate.com) that allows the displaying of pedigrees, pedigree charts, reverse pedigrees etc. and calculates Wright’s Inbreeding Coefficients (COI) and Coefficients of Relationship (COR) over any desired number of generations. The program has a “Data Doc” function that checks for the presence of double entries by name and/or registration number and can also find and correct similarly written names, individuals born before their parents, self-parenting errors etc. The program is compatible with Microsoft Excel ® as well as Microsoft Access ® . In this study, Pedigree Explorer version 5.4.1 was used for data storage and management, the search for and correction of double entries and similar names and the calculation of Wright's Inbreeding Coefficients over 5, 10 and 20 generations. 52
4.2.2 The SAS Program Package Statistical analyses were performed in The SAS System ® Version 8.02. Graphs were created using The SAS System (boxplots) and Microsoft Excel (all other graphs). A probability level of p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical tests used included chi-square and Fisher's exact test for categorical distributions (PROC FREQ). Analyses of variance as well as regression analyses were performed with PROC GLM. The SAS System was also used for data management, notably for converting the Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets derived from PedX into a form that the PEDIG applications were able to read. 4.2.3 PEDIG PEDIG is a freely available FORTRAN program package that can be used for the analysis of large amounts of pedigree data (Boichard, Maignel et al. 1997). In this study, Meuwissen's Inbreeding Coefficients were calculated with the "meuw.exe" program of the PEDIG package, while the calculations of ancestor analyses (probabilities of gene origins) were performed using the "prob_orig.exe" program. The prob_orig.exe program computes the probabilities of gene origin for a userdefined population of individuals over a user-defined number of generations. These probabilities are combined all together to estimate an effective number of founders. The program then calculates the non-zero contributions of each founder to the studied population. prob_orig.exe was used to study the differences in contribution of different founders to populations of dogs known to have suffered from a certain disease and dogs in a reference population. If these diseases are hereditary, it can be expected that marked founder differences between the affected and reference populations should result from this approach. To define a reference population for animals suffering from a certain disease, 20 animals of identical year of birth and country of origin per affected case were randomly selected from the overall database. Affected animals were excluded from the sampling data. Random selection of individuals was achieved by using random numbers generated by the RANDOM procedure in Microsoft Excel. The calculations with prob_orig.exe were executed under the assumption that there was only one gender (unisex). After the calculations, the correct genders were reassigned to the important ancestors for evaluation. 53
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Aus der Abteilung Tierhaltung und T
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Omnia mors poscit - lex est, non po
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: 1 Abstract/Summary This study inves
Page 9 and 10: 1.2.3 Own Data A worldwide pedigree
Page 11 and 12: Due to the frequent bottlenecks dur
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction "It is impossible to
Page 15 and 16: 3 Literature Review Several disease
Page 17 and 18: previous results (Comfort 1960). No
Page 19 and 20: the average ages were significantly
Page 21 and 22: 3.2 Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shun
Page 23 and 24: Conservative therapy is also indica
Page 25 and 26: mitochondrial hyperplasia, disrupti
Page 27 and 28: there are marked individual differe
Page 29 and 30: 3.3.2 Epizootology Numbers publishe
Page 31 and 32: 2002). On the molecular level, the
Page 33 and 34: 3.4.2 Epizootology In past studies
Page 35 and 36: 3.5.1.3 Diagnosis The history and c
Page 37 and 38: 3.5.2 Epizootology A prospective st
Page 39 and 40: Differential diagnoses include recu
Page 41 and 42: 3.7.1.3 Diagnosis The definite diag
Page 43 and 44: Furthermore, the Utrecht cases also
Page 45 and 46: Figure 3.1: Survival times after fi
Page 47 and 48: have an independent mode of inherit
Page 49 and 50: 3.9.1.5 Prognosis Prognosis for OCD
Page 51 and 52: CU/dl). Of these with low values, 2
Page 53 and 54: 3.12 Miscellaneous 3.12.1 Odds Rati
Page 55 and 56: The disease is clinically character
Page 57: It is interesting to notice that ev
Page 61 and 62: 5 Results of Past Studies Revisited
Page 63 and 64: 5.1.4 Causes of Death 5.1.4.1 Influ
Page 65 and 66: 5.2 Analysis of Murphy (1991) ANOVA
Page 67 and 68: 5.2.1.3 Gender Effects As mentioned
Page 69 and 70: 5.2.2.3 Gender Effects No significa
Page 71 and 72: 6.1.2 Inbreeding Four inbreeding co
Page 73 and 74: 6.1.3 Geographical Origin Countries
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.1 Data of Living Dogs Ages at w
Page 77 and 78: Coefficient R 2 p F Coefficient R 2
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 6.8: Lifespan (GD) of direct p
Page 81 and 82: UC Excluded - Birth Cohorts Merged
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 6.10: 10-Generation Wright's I
Page 85 and 86: The individual and cumulative contr
Page 87 and 88: 6.4 Ancestor Analyses of Diseases P
Page 89 and 90: 6.4.2 Osteogenic Sarcoma 6.4.2.1 Re
Page 91 and 92: 6.4.4 Portosystemic Shunt 6.4.4.1 R
Page 93 and 94: 6.4.5.2 Dog 6844 Given that dog 684
Page 95 and 96: 6.4.5.4 Dog 6636 Dog 6636 (born 195
Page 97 and 98: 7 Discussion 7.1 Lifespan 7.1.1 Lif
Page 99 and 100: findings of the study at hand are i
Page 101 and 102: degree. The fact that average lifes
Page 103 and 104: first-generation progeny. The broad
Page 105 and 106: In this model, the degree of purgin
Page 107 and 108: 7.2.2.5 Present Study No significan
Page 109 and 110:
It is interesting to consider what
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7.3 Ethical Considerations 7.3.1 In
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7.3.2 Decreased Lifespan The ethica
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(Papazoglou, Monnet et al. 2002). G
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While there are currently no heredi
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7.5 Future Research Prospects 7.5.1
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8 References Ackerman, L. (1999). T
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Deeb, B. and N. Wolf (1994). "Study
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Kealy, R. D., D. F. Lawler, et al.
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Rothuizen, J. (2002). Molecular Gen
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Walker, H. (1896). Der Irish Wolfho
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ID DR DA DR10 DA10 GR GA GR10 GA10
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