Phase 1B Underwater Archaeological Report for the Onondaga ...

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FINAL Phase IB Underwater Archaeological Resources Report for Onondaga Lake Superfund Site map would have existed prior to the raising of the lake to current levels. Whether these swamp lands existed along the project APE shoreline of Onondaga Lake continuously over the past 10,000 years is, again, uncertain. Figure 5: Late eighteenth century map of Onondaga Lake with the project shoreline APE labeled as swamps and springs. HISTORIC CONTEXT The arrival of European settlers around Onondaga Lake began in the early 1600s with the appearance of fur trade explorers and Jesuit missionaries to the region. The French adopted the bark canoe early on, realizing that it would be invaluable in the exploration and trade in the interior of the continent. Streams could be navigated and explored, and overland portages could be easily maneuvered. The adoption of the Native American bark canoe allowed the French, and the early fur trade, to quickly penetrate the heavily wooded areas of interior New York and around Onondaga Lake. The Jesuit priest Simon LeMoyne visited Onondaga Lake and noted the salt springs at the southern end. The salt was recognized as an important resource of the area and Onondaga Lake was identified as “Salt Lake” on eighteenth century maps (Figure 6). The Jesuits established a mission on the east side of the lake in 1656 (Jesuit Mission of Ste. Marie de Ganeentah), which was vacated in 1658. The French presence was welcomed by the Onondaga since they felt in need of an ally, much as the Mohawk had found in the Dutch traders. The disagreements and jealousy between the Mohawk and Onondaga led to a bloody dispute and inter-tribal warfare, much the result of European influence causing uneasiness among the Confederacy. 65 The French returned to Onondaga Lake in 1696 under the orders of the 13
FINAL Phase IB Underwater Archaeological Resources Report for Onondaga Lake Superfund Site governor of New France, Count de Frontenac. Arriving in nearly four hundred boats via the Oswego River to Onondaga Lake, they established a fortification on the south shore en route to the main village of the Onondaga tribe to the south (Figure 6). According to Thomas, the remains of this 1696 fortification are currently located nearly 1,200 feet (366m) from the present day shoreline, a result of historic lake level changes and the addition of fill along the shoreline. 66 Figure 6. Eighteenth century map of Native American settlements in New York (from Bruce 1896, excerpted from Hohman 2004). Throughout the 1700s, the Onondaga region, like most of the Northeast, was impacted by the myriad of wars between the French, British, Native Americans, and ultimately Americans. After the Revolution, a slow trickle of European settlers made their way west, some settling in the Onondaga Lake region and establishing the salt industry. At this time, improvements were proposed to inland water way travel, particularly westward to connect Albany with the Great Lakes. Rapids and shallow stretches of rivers and streams meant that boat travel was limited to light and small craft with less than a two foot (.61m) draft that could be lifted and dragged. Canoes were still used and wooden bateaux became the pick-up truck of the period. 67 In 1786, Ephraim Webster was the first to officially settle on Onondaga Lake, establishing a trading post and camp at the mouth of Onondaga Creek on the east side of the lake. When he died his estate, including the salt springs, became public lands of New York State. Onondaga County was established in 1796 and families began to settle around the lake. The towns of Salina, Geddes and Liverpool were all established prior to 1800. The marshy shorelines of the lake caused outbreaks of cholera and malaria in the region, making the immediate shoreline of Onondaga Lake a relatively inhospitable place. 14
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Phase 1B Underwater Archaeological Report for the Onondaga ...

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