Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

Iosif M. Feigenberg, Wacław Petryński
In car racing the drivers reach a speed of over 300
km/h, i.e. (roughly) over 80 m/s. If we take an assumption
that during the race reaction time to a stimulus amounts
to 1 s, then the “zone of perception” lays some 80 m before
a car. It means that to merely identify an object or
phenomenon, the driver has to spot it at the distance of
80 m. If in elite racing driver a proper sensorimotor reaction
takes 0.5 s, thus the “zone of proper reaction” lays
120 m before a car. Here has to be still added the distance
necessary to perform the sensorimotor response
of the driver to control the car, e.g. braking, which may
take still more 200 m. Summing up, at speed of about
300 km/h, the “point of no return” for the car driver, necessary
to perform any effective action, lays some 300 m
ahead of the car. This means that to effectively control
actual situation, the driver has to predict its development
at least 4 s ahead of the current moment.
The example of both temporal and spatial probability
may be penalty kick in soccer. The goal dimensions are:
7.32 m wide, 2.44 m high (what makes nearly 18 m 2 ), and
the kick distance amounts to 11 m. The ball kicked by the
forward may reach the speed of about 30 m/s. So, the
goalkeeper has to his disposal only some 0.3 s for:
1. Recognition of shoot direction.
2. Taking decision, how to catch or bounce the ball.
3. Performing the whole action physically.
It is obvious that having so much time to disposal,
the efficacious defending the goal is possible only
thanks to accurate probabilistic prognosis.
Summing up, even the performance merely efficacious,
both in most sports and everyday activities,
needs some probabilistic prognosis. However, in sport
the action has to be not only efficacious, but also optimally
efficient; thus, the quality of probabilistic prognosis
has to be much higher than in daily life. In sport
disciplines where the tactical and strategic aspects prevail,
the probabilistic prognosis may be even more important
than the sensorimotor abilities (strength, speed,
agility, dexterity and endurance). This may be observed
even in combat sports. For instance, the aged champion
of Eastern martial arts is often able to defeat much
younger and better physically fit opponent. Surprisingly
enough, the movements of such an old master seem
to be not very quick, but they are made with perfect
timing. It is possible only on the basis of reliable and
accurate probabilistic prognosis.
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