Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

Kamila Czajka, Teresa Sławińska
Wyniki. U chłopców najważniejszymi zmiennymi dla rozwoju badanych zdolności motorycznych są: umięśnienie
kończyny górnej, komponent endomorficzny mówiący o wielkości otłuszczenia ciała oraz masywność
budowy kośćca kończyn dolnych. Sprawność motoryczna dziewcząt koreluje istotnie z czasem przeznaczanym
tygodniowo na aktywne i bierne zajęcia pozaszkolne, a także z umięśnieniem kończyn górnych i dolnych, smukłością
budowy ciała oraz masywnością kości kończyny górnej.
Wnioski. Sprawność motoryczna dziewcząt w wieku 16–18 lat jest związana głównie z ich aktywnością fizyczną.
Natomiast u chłopców w badanym okresie poziom wybranych zdolności motorycznych uzależniony jest wyłącznie od
cech strukturalnych organizmu, nie zaś od analizowanych czynników związanych ze stylem życia.
Introduction
Physical fitness and somatic build of an individual undergo
lifelong changes due to genetic and environmental
factors, but although the development of particular
somatic and functional traits varies in functioning and
intensity, it follows the natural stages.
Despite the existence of invariable sequences in the
growth of the organism, the physical fitness and somatic
build differ between individuals. It is caused by complex
interactions between genetic characteristics and
environmental modulators. Physical fitness depends on
a lot of factors, most commonly diagnosed ones are:
age, gender, body build, the level of development of
motor skills, the type of work, training and lifestyle. The
relations between environmental factors and the level
of physical fitness has been analyzed by many scientists
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Many writers have also discussed
the subject of dependencies between physical fitness
and the parameters of the somatic structure [7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13]. Recently there has been an increase
of interest in the problems of physical activity and their
relation to somatic build, physical fitness and, most of
all, with health [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].
Physical activity is defined as every body movement
performed by the skeletal muscles and leading to energy
expenditure [22]. Physical activity is also understood as
physical effort accompanying everyday professional and
school tasks and chores, as well as physical effort associated
with sport or recreational activities [23]. Changes
occurring in the organism because of regular, recreational
physical activity are invaluable for the circulatory,
respiratory and nervous systems and for the bone and
muscle tissues and metabolism [24, 16]. However, the
beneficial effects of the regularly taken physical activity
are most frequently interpreted in terms of the diminished
risk of incidence of cancer and diseases of the circulatory
system classified as ‘civilization diseases’. Physical
activity, stabilizing and reducing body mass, is the best
way to prevent and fight overweight and obesity [15, 25,
26, 27], as well as to slow down aging and decrepitude
[28]. In the light of the above benefits, physical activity
appears to be a remedy neutralizing the negative effects
of modern lifestyle [23, 15].
Physical activity during childhood and young age
is critical as it is indispensable for correct and overall
growth – somatic, intellectual, psychological and social
[29]. Physical activity stimulates the child’s body growth
with proportional increment in body mass and provides
a possibility for better knowledge of its environment
and society, and challenges the child with a variety of
situations, like accepting failures with dignity, celebrating
successes, coping with stress, fatigue and weaknesses,
and controlling emotions. The child learns self-
-control and rules observed in a given social group thus
shaping its relationship with others.
Shaping positive attitudes in children and the young
towards physical activity, perceived as one of the most
important part of a healthy lifestyle, is ascribed in particular
to family and school, and to a somewhat lesser
extent to peers, mass media and sports events [30].
The research was designed to find out whether
physical activity analyzed along with somatic parameters
would prove to be crucial for motor fitness in
youth.
Material and methods
The material comprises the data collected in the research
on 343 subjects, 165 boys and 178 girls, aged
16–18. The study involved students attending all types
of upper secondary schools in the town of Głuchołazy,
i.e. Secondary School, Basic Vocational School,
Secondary Technical School and Secondary School of
Vocational Education. The examined students comprise
59.2% of the population of youth attending schools included
in the research. For each subject real age was
calculated, then rounded to calculate age categories
(e.g. into the group of the 16-year-olds, subjects aged
15.50–16.49 were included).
The measurements of somatic traits and manifestation
of selected motor traits were taken in physical
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