Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

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Kamila Czajka, Teresa Sławińska the tapping test results are in connection with the musculature of the upper limb, and in girls – with physical activity. Among the analyzed independent variables, only the degree of body adiposity is significant for the development of boys’ speed skills. A lower level of endomorphic component saturation fosters obtaining better results in the shuttle run, and the correlation coefficient assumes here the value of R = 0.32. Whereas among girls no relationships between the selected somatic parameters and manifestations of speed skills were noticed, and the only independent variable in the model is the time spent on passive activities. The relationship of the shuttle run and the time spent weekly on passive activities took a negative direction, and the correlation coefficient is the lowest, i.e. R = 0.23. The analysis of the relationships between the static strength of the hand and the selected somatic traits in the subjects indicates that for that type of motor abilities general size of the limbs seems to be vital. Higher musculature of the arm in both sexes and larger biepicondylar breadths of the femur in boys and of the humerus in girls promote better scores in hand grip on the dynamometer. The enumerated somatic parameters are vital for gaining the highest multiple correlation coefficient in girls, R = 0.54, and in boys, only slightly higher – R = 0.55. Discussion Biological phenomena are of complex nature due to a unique combination of traits in an individual under varied conditions and factors. The course of developmental processes depends on the stage of ontogenesis the examined population is at. The calendar age bracket taken into account in this research, 16–18 years, is already a post-pubertal period for girls, and for the majority of boys this is still a pubertal period. During this time the differences between the somatic structure and the level of motor activity of boys and girls arise and solidify. Thus, there is no doubt that both sexes differ in the examined period quite significantly, whereas the analyses conducted in this paper aim to explain which, among the features taken into consideration, shape the motor activity of boys and girls in this time the strongest. In this paper the state of motor development is considered in a few respects: age, sex, somatic structure and active, or not, way of spending free time. In the examined period the calendar age takes, relatively, the most modest share in the differentiation of motor agility of the youth. The researches on the development of girls’ motor skills indicate that the majority of them ends their development between the 13 th and 15 th year of life [38, 39, 40, 41]. In boys the discussed developmental processes last longer [42, 39, 40, 41]. Sex differences at the time and in the course of the developmental changeability of motor skills are emphasized, among others, by Przewęda [43], according to whom, because of morphological changes, taking place later in girls, in the male sex one can observe the development of strength skills lasting longer. Also, locomotive speed shows in boys the progression of results in time, whereas in peer girls this process has ended, which is confirmed by the research results obtained by, among others, Osiński [44] Przewęda and Dobosz [41], and Migasiewicz [45]. The obtained results, while emphasizing the importance of the two examined areas: somatic structure and physical activity in the shaping of human motor activity, confirm many observations made before [42, 24, 46, 47, 13]. Malina and collaborators [46] indicate the negative relationship between body adiposity and physical fitness. Similarly, the results of longitudinal research conducted by Minck and collaborators [47] show that body adiposity is inversely associated with the results of the majority of agility trials in both sexes, and physical activity is a factor more frequently related to the level of physical fitness of women than that of men. The authors of the paper also stress that body adiposity and physical activity should be perceived as independent factors connected with physical fitness. Many authors also underline greater significance of body length parameters than body weight for the results of agility trials [46, 47, 48, 13]. At the same time, the significance of the muscle mass participation in the total body weight as an element of body build associated with physical fitness is emphasized [48]. The results of the research carried out by Milde and collaborators [13] based on the analysis of the relationships between the somatic factors and the results of Eurofit test trials among girls with Turner’s syndrome (nanism) and healthy ones indicate the greater participation of body height than body weight in achieving results in the majority of motor trials of the Eurofit test. The calendar age of girls, whose results are analyzed in this paper, is characterized by considerable slowing down and often also by the ceasing of the process of body growth in length contrary to boys. This – 52 –
Motor fitness in relation to body build and physical activity in 16-18-year-old youth phenomenon could clarify the differences in the selection of areas of features explaining the results of agility trials. In girls, for maintaining the needed level of motor agility in the examined period of ontogenesis, physical activity taken up regularly is highly significant. These observations are concurrent with the Przewęda’s views [42] who says that in girls after the 15th year of life the natural process of motor development ends, and further maintenance of the achieved motor level does not depend on the mechanisms of biological development, but is solely a consequence of lifestyle and physical activity taken up systematically. In boys such a relationship has not been stated. In comparison to girls, boys take up physical activity much more frequently, which is unquestionably reflected in the results of the extensive international report of the World Health Organization entitled Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) [49]. The increased physical activity of boys appears to be a natural property of the analyzed developmental period, which is also observed in the examined population. Male groups were more uniform as regards the time spent on physical activity than female groups, which could result in non-disclosure of this factor among other parameters analyzed in the context of differentiating the level of motor agility. The structure of organism turned out to be much more important in the shaping of motor agility. However, it should be mentioned that the relationships between the motor test results and physical activity (in women) and the selected features of the somatic structure (in men) described in this research are significant, but not too much, which makes us careful in the final settlement of the observed phenomenon. Conclusions The results of this research show that motor agility in girls at the age of 16–18 is connected mainly with their physical activity, whereas in boys at this age the level of the selected motor skills depends solely on the structural features of organism, and not on the analyzed factors connected with lifestyle. LITERATURE • PIŚMIENNICTWO [1] Osiński W: Wielokierunkowe i wielopoziomowe związki zdolności motorycznych i parametrów morfologicznych. Monografie AWF, Poznań, 1991; 295: 17–26. [2] Przewęda R: O społecznych uwarunkowaniach sprawności fizycznej. Wychowanie Fizyczne i Sport, 1991; 4: 3–14. [3] Sławińska T: Uwarunkowania środowiskowe w rozwoju motorycznym dzieci wiejskich [Environmental conditions of motor development in rural children]. Prace habilitacyjne AWF we Wrocławiu, 2000. [4] Ignasiak Z, Sławińska T, Domaradzki J: The influence of social-economical factors on the morphofunctional growth of children considering the urbanization factor aspect. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica, 2002; 32(2): 29–34. [5] Mleczko E: Stopień urbanizacji a poziom rozwoju somatycznego oraz motorycznego dzieci i młodzieży z Małopolski – doniesienia wstępne. <strong>Antropomotoryka</strong>, 2002; 23: 53–61. [6] Ignasiak Z, Sławińska T, Rożek K, Malina RM, Little BB: Blood lead level and physical fitness of schoolchildren in the copper basin of south-western Poland: indirect effects through growth stunting. Ann Hum Biol., 2007; 34(3): 329–343. [7] Popławska H, Zieniewicz A, Saczuk J: Zależność pomiędzy wybranymi cechami morfologicznymi a sprawnością fizyczną dziewcząt. Wychowanie Fizyczne i Zdrowotne, 2001; 2: 17–21. [8] Przewęda R: Jak się zmienia kondycja fizyczna polskiej młodzieży. Wychowanie Fizyczne i Zdrowotne, 2002; 6(7): 4–6. [9] Ignasiak Z, Rożek K, Sławińska T, Żurek G: Biological status of children from the Copper Mine District. Pol J Environ Stud., 2006; 15(2B): 253–256. [10] Huang YC, Malina RM: BMI and health-related physical fi tness In Taiwanese youth 9-18 years. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 2007: 39(4): 701–708. [11] Malina RM: Physical fitness of children and adolescents In the United States: status and secular change. Med Sport Sci., 2007; 50: 67–90. [12] Januszewski J, Mleczko E: Podstawowe cechy somatyczne a sprawność fi zyczna chłopców badana w konwencji zdrowia w wybranych okresach ontogenezy. [Basic somatic features versus physical activity tested in the terms of health-related fitness convention in selected periods of ontogenesis]. <strong>Antropomotoryka</strong>, 2010; 50: 39–53. [13] Milde K, Tomaszewski P, Sienkiewicz-Dianzenza E, Wiśniewski A: Wpływ wieku, wysokości i masy ciała dziewcząt niskorosłych na wyniki poszczególnych prób baterii testu Eurofi t. Wychowanie Fizyczne i Sport, 2007; 51(2): 85–89. [14] Cocker PRE, Eklund RC, Kowalski KC: Children’s physical activity and physical self-perceptions. J Sports Sci, 2000; 8(6): 383–394. [15] Kasperczyk T: Poziom sprawności i aktywności fizycznej a zdrowie, Nowa Medycyna, 2000; 12: 88–90. [16] Kałucka S, Ruszkowska J, Drygas W: Aktywność fi zyczna – wciąż niedoceniany element profi laktyki zdrowotnej. Polska Medycyna Rodzinna, 2002; 4: 367–371. [17] Cabak A, Woynarowska B: Aktywność fi zyczna w wieku – 53 –
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