Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Iosif M. Feigenberg, Wacław Petryński In car racing the drivers reach a speed of over 300 km/h, i.e. (roughly) over 80 m/s. If we take an assumption that during the race reaction time to a stimulus amounts to 1 s, then the “zone of perception” lays some 80 m before a car. It means that to merely identify an object or phenomenon, the driver has to spot it at the distance of 80 m. If in elite racing driver a proper sensorimotor reaction takes 0.5 s, thus the “zone of proper reaction” lays 120 m before a car. Here has to be still added the distance necessary to perform the sensorimotor response of the driver to control the car, e.g. braking, which may take still more 200 m. Summing up, at speed of about 300 km/h, the “point of no return” for the car driver, necessary to perform any effective action, lays some 300 m ahead of the car. This means that to effectively control actual situation, the driver has to predict its development at least 4 s ahead of the current moment. The example of both temporal and spatial probability may be penalty kick in soccer. The goal dimensions are: 7.32 m wide, 2.44 m high (what makes nearly 18 m 2 ), and the kick distance amounts to 11 m. The ball kicked by the forward may reach the speed of about 30 m/s. So, the goalkeeper has to his disposal only some 0.3 s for: 1. Recognition of shoot direction. 2. Taking decision, how to catch or bounce the ball. 3. Performing the whole action physically. It is obvious that having so much time to disposal, the efficacious defending the goal is possible only thanks to accurate probabilistic prognosis. Summing up, even the performance merely efficacious, both in most sports and everyday activities, needs some probabilistic prognosis. However, in sport the action has to be not only efficacious, but also optimally efficient; thus, the quality of probabilistic prognosis has to be much higher than in daily life. In sport disciplines where the tactical and strategic aspects prevail, the probabilistic prognosis may be even more important than the sensorimotor abilities (strength, speed, agility, dexterity and endurance). This may be observed even in combat sports. For instance, the aged champion of Eastern martial arts is often able to defeat much younger and better physically fit opponent. Surprisingly enough, the movements of such an old master seem to be not very quick, but they are made with perfect timing. It is possible only on the basis of reliable and accurate probabilistic prognosis. LITERATURE • PIŚMIENNICTWO [1] Feigenberg IM: Mozg, psikhika, zdorovye [Brain, Psychics, Health]. Moscow, Nauka, Moscow, 1972. [2] Feigenberg IM: Szybkość odpowiedzi ruchowej i przewidywanie prawdopodobne [Speed of Motor Response and Probabilistic Prognosis]. Antropomotoryka, 2007; 40: 17–31. [3] Feigenberg IM: Veroyatnostnoye prognozirovaniye v deyatielnosti mozga [Probabilistic Prognosis in Brain Activities], Voprosy Psikhologii, 1963; 2: 59–67. [4] Bernstein NA: Novyje linii razvitia sovremiennoy fizyologii [New lines of development of contemporary physiology]; in Letavet AA, Farfel VF (eds.): Materyaly konferencii po metodam fi zyologicheskikh issledovaniy cheloveka, Moscow, 1962: 15–21. [5] Bernstein NA: Fizjologiya dvizheniya i aktivnosti [Physiology of movements and activity]. Moscow, Nauka, 1990. [6] Feigenberg IM: Veroyatnostnoye prognozirovaniye v deyatelnosti cheloveka i povedenii zhivotnykh [Probabilistic prognosis in activities of humans and behaviour of animals]. Moscow, Nyudiamed, 2008. [7] Feigenberg IM: Pamięć przeszłości – podstawa prawdopodobnego przewidywania przyszłości [Memory of the past – the foundation of probabilistic prognosis of future], Antropomotoryka, 2006; 16 (34): 17–32. [8] Feigenberg IM: Aktywność i wypełnianie luk informacyjnych [Activeness and bridging the informational gaps], Antropomotoryka, 2006; 16(35): 17–25. [9] Petryński W: Trzy zdolności na „i”: instynkt, inteligencja, intuicja [the three „i”-abilities: instinct, intelligence, and intuition]. Antropomotoryka, 2009; 19(45): 109–118. [10] Bernstein NA: O postroyenii dvizheniy [On construction of movements]. Moscow, Medgiz, 1947. [11] Bernstein NA: O lovkosti i yeyo razvitii [On dexterity and its development]. Moscow, Fizkultura i Sport, 1991. [12] Bernstein NA: On dexterity and its development; in Latash ML, Turvey MT (eds.): Dexterity and Its Development. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1996. [13] Petryński W, Feigenberg IM: Emocionalnyje faktory w upravlenii dvizheniyami cheloveka [Emotional factors in movements’ control in humans]. Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoy Kultury, 2011; 1: 3–13. [14] Petryński W: The motor learning process in humans: down and up Bernstein’s ladder. Selçuk University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2010; 12 (3): 170–175. [15] Schmidt RA Lee TD: Motor control and learning. A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, Ill, Human Kinetics, 2011. [16] Schmidt RA, Wrisberg CA: Motor Learning and Performance. A Situation-Based Learning Approach. Champaign, Ill, Human Kinetics, 2008. [17] Hotz A: Qualitatives Bewegungslernen. Bern, Verlag Schweizerischer Verband für Sport in der Schule SVSS, 1997. – 22 –
NR 55 2011 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA EFFECT OF STRENGTH TRAINING WITH VIBRATION ON BILATERAL FORCE AND IMPULSE DIFFERENCE WPŁYW TRENINGU SIŁOWEGO ZE STYMULACJĄ DRGANIAMI NA OBUSTRONNĄ SIŁĘ I AMPLITUDĘ IMPULSU Bruno Pena Couto*, Sara Andrade Rodrigues *, Rafael Soncin Ribeiro*, Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond*, Barbara Marcelina Ribeiro Rocha**, Leszek Antoni Szmuchrowski*** *** Dr., Laboratory of Load Evaluation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil *** Dr., Department of Physical Education, Fundação Helena Antipoff., Ibirité, Brazil *** Prof. Dr., Laboratory of Load Evaluation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha – Belo Horizonte – MG – Brazil Key-words: strength training, vibration, bilateral difference Słowa kluczowe: trening siłowy, wibracja, obustronna różnica SUMMARY • STRESZCZENIE Aim of the study. The purpose of the present research was to verify the chronic effects of vibration during bilateral strength training on the force and impulse difference among contralateral limbs obtained in the vertical jump. Material and methods. Fifty-one untrained male volunteered to participate in this study. Volunteers were randomly distributed in 4 groups: the Isometric group (n = 13), the 8-Hz group (n = 13), the 26-Hz group (n = 13) and the Control group (n = 12). Volunteers were submitted to 4-week of isometric training (Isometric group), isometric training associated with the application of 8 Hz (8-Hz group) and 26 Hz (26-Hz group) frequency of vibration. This training was done three times a week and made up of 12 maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) in a semi-squatting position. The Control group did not execute any kind of training and was instructed not to execute any kind of systematic physical activity during the period of the research. Results. Only the group submitted to 8-Hz vibration frequency had a significant decrease in force (p = 0,005) and impulse (p = 0.017) difference among contralateral limbs. The 26-Hz frequency, unlike imagined, did not reduce de force (p = 0,261) and impulse (p = 0,925) difference among contralateral limbs. Conclusions. In conclusion, exposure to 4-week isometric training, when applying vibrations with frequencies of 8 Hz in the direction of the resultant muscle forces’ vector addition, was able to significantly decrease the force and impulse difference between limbs. Conventional isometric training and exposure to vibration frequencies of 26 Hz did not produce the same effects. Cel pracy. Ustalenie długotrwałego wpływu, jaki stymulacja drganiami generowanymi podczas bilateralnych ćwiczeń siłowych wywiera na siłę i częstotliwość drgania mięśniowego kończyn kontralateralnych w wyskoku z zamachem. Materiał i metody. W badaniach prowadzonych w ramach czterotygodniowego programu treningowego wzięło udział 51 ochotników – nietrenujących mężczyzn, których przydzielono losowo do czterech grup: pierwszej, realizującej wyłącznie program ćwiczeń izometrycznych (n = 13); drugiej, objętej dodatkowo stymulacją ciała drganiami o częstotliwości 8 Hz (n = 13); trzeciej, realizującej ćwiczenia izometryczne ze stymulacją ciała drganiami o częstotliwości 26 Hz (n = 13) oraz czwartej – kontrolnej (n = 12). W tym czasie badani z grup 1–3 trzy razy w tygodniu wykonywali 12 skurczów z maksymalną wartością MVC w pozycji półkucznej, którym w gru- – 23 –
Page 1 and 2: ISSN 1731-0652 COMMITTEE FOR REHABI
Page 3 and 4: ANTROPOMOTORYKA ISSN 1731-0652 COMM
Page 5 and 6: NR 55 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2011 CO
Page 7 and 8: NR 55 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2011 FR
Page 9: From Editors years). The attempts w
Page 12 and 13: Information for the Authors Example
Page 14 and 15: Informacje dla Autorów scripts sub
Page 17 and 18: NR 55 2011 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA PR
Page 19 and 20: Probabilistic prognosis in sport ki
Page 21: Probabilistic prognosis in sport ki
Page 25 and 26: Effect of strength training with vi
Page 31 and 32: NR 55 2011 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA TH
Page 33 and 34: The sport dance athlete: aerobic-an
Page 35 and 36: The sport dance athlete: aerobic-an
Page 37: The sport dance athlete: aerobic-an
Page 40 and 41: Václav Bunc, Marie Skalská Materi
Page 42 and 43: Václav Bunc, Marie Skalská tion o
Page 44 and 45: Václav Bunc, Marie Skalská The su
Page 46 and 47: Václav Bunc, Marie Skalská [13] F
Page 48 and 49: Kamila Czajka, Teresa Sławińska W
Page 50 and 51: Kamila Czajka, Teresa Sławińska T
Page 52 and 53: Kamila Czajka, Teresa Sławińska t
Page 54 and 55: Kamila Czajka, Teresa Sławińska 1
Page 56 and 57: E. Cieśla, E. Mleczko, M. Markowsk
Page 65 and 66: NR 55 2011 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA DE
Page 67 and 68: Development of spatial and temporal
Page 73 and 74:
NR 55 2011 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA TH
Page 75 and 76:
The effectiveness of cooperation in
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
3+ 3+ 7+ 4+ The effectiveness of co
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87:
Page 91 and 92:
NR 55 2011 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA PH
Page 93 and 94:
Physical fitness norms in children
Page 95 and 96:
Physical fitness norms in children
show all

Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?