Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

The effectiveness of cooperation in the team game (pragmatic study of unique cases)
ing the ones relatively and absolutely mutually dependent,
as well as actions facilitating achievement of the
game objectives, absolutely dependent on actions of
partners with the balls or playing against the ball.
Actions absolutely dependent on partners enabling
achievement of the game objectives, which are the subject
matter of this study, include cooperation of 2 or 3
players performing mutually synchronised and coordinated
actions aiming at achievement of an individual
objective of the game. In the attack, this is positioning
of the game or creating score-gaining situations by handling
the ball using two-player or three-player teams.
On the other hand, in the defence, this is cooperation
of players in doubling or tripling counter-action against
the player with the ball. The absolute dependence on
partners means that presence of the partners is necessary
for achievement of the game objectives (solving
a given situation), and feedback will be a regulator of
the cooperation.
Dominating importance of synchronization and coordination
of the players’ actions observed in teams
effective in sport causes the necessity to perceive cooperation
as a separate entity because the dynamics
of cooperation, characteristic for the play of teams effective
in sport, makes it impossible to determine the
level of individual contribution of cooperating players
in the result achieved together. Component actions are
so dependent that we can regard the common effort of
the players as a separate entity. Therefore, when looking
for high sporting effectiveness in the team game or,
on the contrary, registering low sporting effectiveness,
synchronization and coordination of actions rather than
individual dimension of actions by individual players
should be analysed. Thus, the effectiveness of handling
the ball to an equal degree depends on the player
passing and receiving the pass, and mainly on the
feedback of their actions. Similarly, effective doubling of
the defence play depends equally on players participating
in it, and in particular on feedback of their actions.
Perceiving cooperation through the level of synchronization
and coordination makes it easier to analyse cooperation
in combinations and variants because factual
reasons of skilful cooperation lie just in coordination
or in synchronization of actions, rather than in actions
themselves [1, 19, 20, 21].
Hence, when assessing the effectiveness of team
actions at a high sport level, the players should not
be regarded as separately operating units but as subunits
jointly contributing to the success of the entity
i.e. the team.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study was to justify the importance
of synergy in the team game and presenting the possibility
of identifying it at various levels and in various dimensions
during performance of absolutely dependent
actions in the game by teams presenting high sporting
effectiveness.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Are there any differences in the level of players’ cooperation
in a personal aspect ?
2. Are there any differences in the level of players’ cooperation
in an interpersonal aspect ?
3. Are there any differences in the level of players’ cooperation
in a positional aspect ?
4. Are there any differences in the level of players’ cooperation
in an interpositional aspect ?
5. Are there any differences in the level of players’ cooperation
in a team aspect ?
METHOD
Based on video recording of football, basketball
and volleyball games, taking into account the criteria
described by the author [1], offensive actions of
players, absolutely dependent on each other, were
identified.
By performing basic mathematical operations, the
indices of cooperation effectiveness were calculated,
including:
a) Cooperation activity index (A) – sum of registered
combinations using two or three players, regardless
of their result,
b) Cooperation effectiveness index (S) – sum of registered
combinations using two or three players, finalized
by achieving the aim of the game,
c) Cooperation worth index (C) – sum of scores, with
various value resulting from differentiated influence
of combinations on the game result and difficulties
of performing it, obtained from registered effective
combinations using two or three players (tab. 1.),
d) cooperation reliability index (N) – product (S) \ (A),
e) synergy index – (C) x (N) : 100.
The obtained data provided the basis for the pragmatic
comparative study of cooperation effectiveness
in combinations using two or three players, analysed at
a various level and in various dimensions.
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