Antropomotoryka nr 55.indb - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

Alina Klonova, Juris Klonovs, Andrea Giovanardi, Antonio Cicchella
nę amatorsko wykazało, iż czynnikiem dyskryminującym jest w tym przypadku motoryka stawu biodrowego, nie
stwierdzono natomiast różnic w parametrach fizjologicznych.
Wyniki i wnioski. Odnotowano różnicę poziomu pułapu tlenowego pomiędzy mężczyznami i kobietami, nie
wykazując żadnej statystycznie istotnej zależności pomiędzy reprezentowaną przez tancerzy międzynarodową
kategorią klasową a poziomem VO 2
max, progiem anaerobowym czy produkcją kwasu mleczanowego. Wykazano,
iż na wysoki poziom sportowy współczesnych par wpływa postęp technik treningowych. Opisano motorykę stawu
kolanowego w trakcie wykonywania quickstepa, walca angielskiego, tanga, slow-foksa i walca wiedeńskiego,
wykazując zasadnicze różnice w pracy kończyn górnych, a co za tym idzie – różne wymagania energetyczne w tych
tańcach. W podsumowaniu podkreślono, iż wprawdzie prezentowanie wysokiej klasy sportowej przez zawodnika
zależy od jego umiejętności technicznych, mimo to jednak do sprostania długim treningom i turniejom konieczna
jest wysoka sprawność fizyczna.
Introduction
It is widely accepted that physiological characteristics
are the basic requirement for learning and performing
and sport and technical skills are built upon its. While
this is a commonly accepted concept for sport with
heavy muscular effort, there are controversial opinions
about the “athletization” of arts performers [1]. Albeit
there exist many studies on the physiological and biomechanics
characteristics of classical dancers [2], very
few studies concentrate on sport dance [3, 4]. The sport
dance model of performance is that of “A dexterity activity
with great muscular involvement” [5], thus posing the
accent on the “dexterity” aspects and with an emphasis
on muscular aspects of the performance. Astrand [6]
classified sport dance as “extremely heavy” especially
for female athletes. Due that it is a sport performed in a
couple, the knowledge of aerobic and anaerobic parameters
of each component of the couple is necessary for
a proper physical matching. Having an idea about the
physical load of ballroom dance competitions, we can
refer to the International Standard Dance Music IDSF
Tempo Regulation [7]. The definitions are the following:
Slow Waltz 28–30 bars per minute, 3/4 timing
Tango 31–33 bars per minute, 4/4 time
Viennese Waltz 58–60 bars per minute, 3/4 time
Foxtrot 28–30 bars per minute, 4/4 time
Quickstep 50–52 bars per minute, 4/4 time
The duration of one dance in the competition should
be between 90 and 120 seconds. Ten to twenty seconds
rest is allowed between each dance. A certain mix
of strength, flexibility, and endurance together with the
capacity to stay focused on the aesthetics of the performance
is necessary factor to be successful in this sport
[7]. Endurance seems to be a basic motor capacity albeit
obviously not so important as in endurance sport:
the long competition sessions, poses a certain load on
the cardio-respiratory apparatus of the dancers, and the
oxygen consumption and lactate production/sustainability
capacities seem to be important supportive factors
of the performance [2]. Aims of our study are to 1) provide
an updated physiological profile of the male and female
sport dance athletes; 2) assess differences in the
couple (male vs female) both for oxygen consumption,
lactate production and for biomechanical kinematics parameters;
3) provide basic biomechanical parameters of
this sport useful for technique evaluation; 4) compare
results of top level couple with amateur athletes.
Methods
15 males and 15 females were considered for physiological
and biomechanical measures (mean age: 26,5 and
26,45 years; height 176 ± 9 and 167 ± 8 cm, weight 66,3 ±
12 and 54 ± 10 kg, mean dancing experience of 16 years).
The dancer’s age, compared with those reported in the
study of Blanksby [4] of 23 year ago in a sample of comparable
level of qualification, show a tendencies toward
an increase. In the Blanskby study, the authors reported
a mean age of 23,2 years for males and 21,8 for females.
In our study the mean ages are respectively 26,5 and 27,8.
It is interesting to note that the height does not show important
changes: 176,1 and 166,8 cm for male and female
in our study vs 176,8 and 165,4 cm in the Blanksby study
while body weight is increased in male and decreased in
females, showing a tendency toward body mass increase,
66,35 and 54 kg in our group vs 60,5 and 57,7 kg in
Blanksby study for body weight. The subjects were tested
for VO 2
max on the treadmill (K4b 2 oxygen consumption
system Cosmed, Italy) using an incremental protocol until
the exhaustion. The subjects, after a warm up, started the
test walking at 6 km/h (Exere, Air Machine, Italy) at 0%
slope, and then the speed was increased by 1 km/h every
minute until exhaustion. Maximum velocity achieved was
recorded and anaerobic threshold was computed according
to Whipp [8]. After the cessation of the incremental
test, a drop of venous blood was taken from the ear lobe
and analyzed with a Lactate Scout portable lactacydometer
at three and six minutes and the higher value was
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