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Industry 117 Table 5.1.6 Emission of Air Pollutants in Sugar Mills Air Pollutant Total suspended particulates Light suspended particulates CO SO 2 NO x Emission per MT Cane Crushed 5 - 8 kg 1 - 1.5 kg 20 - 100 kg 0.07 - 0.12 kg 0.2 - 0.3 kg Source : Faisal et. al. (2001) Note : Estimates are from Indian Sugar Mills Table 5.1.7 Emission from Sugar Mills in 1999 - 2000 Source : Faisal et. al. (2001) Waste Amount Produced Reuse and Disposal Note : Estimates are from Indian Sugar Mills Solid waste Bagasse 77,000 MT Reused in paper mills Filter Mud 66,000 - 77,000 MT Reused as fertilizer Molasses 77,000 - 82,500 MT Reused in alcohol and tobacco production, construction, as cattle feed and the rest is exported Boiler Ash No estimate Reused for land filling and construction work Liquid waste Polluted Water 550,000 - 825,000 m 3 Disposed in land and water Gaseous waste Total suspended particulates 11,000,000 - 16,600,000 kg Released into the air Light suspended particulates 2,200,000 - 3,300,000 kg Released into the air CO 11,000,000 - 220,000,000 kg Released into the air SO 2 154,000 - 264,000 kg Released into the air NO x 440,000 - 660,000 kg Released into the air 5.2 Brick Manufacture Table 5.2.1 Market Share of the Four Types of Kilns Being Used in Bangladesh Kiln Type Number Percentage of Brick Production Percentage of Total Total Kilns (billion) Brick Production BTK 4000 90.1 8 88.6 FCK 400 9.0 0.8 8.6 Zigzag Kiln 15 0.34 0.03 0.3 Hoffman Kiln 25 0.56 0.2 2.2 Total 4440 100 9.03 100 Source : Gomes and Hossain (2003) Note : BTK : Bull's Trench Kiln FCK : Fixed Chimney Kiln
118 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment Table 5.2.2 A Comparative Study of the Four Types of Kilns being Used in Bangladesh Parameter Bull's Trench Kiln Fixed Chimney Kiln Zigzag Kiln Hoffman Kiln 1. Initial investment (Tk.) 2,500,000 4,00,000 4,000,000 32,000,000 2. Working capital (Tk.) 1,00,000 900,000 900,000 7,500,000 3. Land 1 ha, of which 0.4 1 ha, of which 0.4 1 ha, of which 0.4 Minimum 4 ha used round the year used round the year used round the round the year rest only during rest only during year rest only production production during production 4. Inputs (a) Clay 2,830 m 3 5. Fuel (per 100,000 Consumption bricks) Source : Gomes and Hossain (2003) (b) Labour 200 (5% skilled, 200 (15% skilled, 200 (15% skilled, 400 (25% skilled, 10% semi-skilled, 15% semi-skilled, 15% semi-skilled, 45% semi-skilled, rest unskilled) rest unskilled) rest unskilled) rest unskilled) (c) Electricity Not essential Not essential Necessary on Necessary - Small scale electricity outage hamper production (d) Fuel Coal/Gas Coal/Gas Coal/Gas 98% use coal 98% use coal 98% use coal 26-30 tonnes 22-26 tonnes 22-26 tonnes 15,000-17,000 m 3 6. Pollution Severe Pollution Pollution Pollution Very Little Pollution 7. Production Period November to November to November to Round the Year mid-April mid-April mid-April 8. Wastage (%) 10-12 5-8 5-8 15-18 9. Quality of bricks Medium Good Good Very Good 10. Sale price (per 1000 bricks) 2200-2500 2200-2500 2200-2500 3000-3200 Gas Table 5.2.3 CO 2 Reduction Potential of the Hoffman Kiln and VSBK Source : Gomes and Hossain (2003) Note : BTK : Bull's Trench Kiln VSBK : Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln Basis : 100,000 bricks produced Conversion Factors : Heating Value of Coal = 20.93 GJ/t Heating Value of Natural Gas = 35 MJ/m 3 CO 2 emission of coal = 94.6 t CO 2 / TJ CO 2 emission of natural gas = 56.1 t CO 2 / TJ BTK Hoffman VSBK Fuel Coal Natural Gas Coal Fuel Consumption per brick 0.28 kg 0.1632 m 3 0.17 kg Total Fuel 28 t 16320 m 3 20 t Total energy consumption 586 GJ 571 GJ 419 GJ CO 2 emission 55.4t 32.0t 39.6 t CO 2 emission reduction compared to BTK (%) _ 42 28.5
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People's Report 2002-2003 BANGLADES
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First published December 2004 © Un
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vi Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrati
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viii Table 3.1.1.4 Numbers and Area
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x Table 6.1.3 Supply and Consumptio
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xii Table 9.1.9 Casualty Distributi
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Acknowledgements People's Report 20
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Chapter 1 Land and Agriculture 1.1
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Table 1.1.6 Summary of Tea Garden L
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Table 1.2.38 Crop Variety Developed
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Forestry 55 2.1 Basic Statistics Ta
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Forestry 59 Table 2.1.7 Management
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Forestry 61 2.2 Forest Product Tabl
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Forestry 63 Table 2.3.5 Estimated P
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Forestry 65 Table 2.3.6 Species Nam
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Climate 175 10.1 Rainfall Table 10.
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Climate 177 10.2 Global Climate Cha
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Climate 179 Table 10.2.5 Changes in
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Climate 181 Table 10.3.4 Main Areas
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References CHAPTER 1 Ahmed, M. F.,
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References 185 Razzaque, M. A. (200
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References 187 CHAPTER 6 Alam, M.,
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References 189 Iqbal, M. A., Ahmed,
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