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Land and Agriculture 49 Table 1.3.33 Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli cation 2 Tsetse Control Reported effects Source Nigeria Permethrin 300 g/ha H Insect abundance significantly reduced for at least 10 Smies Cypermethin 100 g/ha days after spraying (Malaise laps) for permethrin and et. al. 1980 Deltamethrin 40 g/ha deltamethrin but not for cypermethrin and control. Zambia Endosulfan 28/56 g/ha FW No large effects observed on terrestrial arthropods Magadza, (pitfalls, fallout sheets, markrecapture technique). 1978 Zimbabwe Endosulfan 14 g/ha FW No observed effects on terrestrial arthropods (light traps, Cock-bill, fallout trays). 1979 Ivory Cyfluthrin 12 g/ha G Reduction of several arthropod taxa, but not always Buijsen Coast Fenfluthrin 12 g/ha distinguishable from natural (control) fluctuations. et. al. 1986 Hymenoptera (esp. Apoidae) seemed to be most affected. Residual effect lasted 18 days. Ivory Dieldrin 3-4 kg/ha G Forest environment: Reduction after application in Everts and Coast Diptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Arachnidae, Psocoptera, Koeman, Orthoptera. Increase of Homoptera. No recovery in 5 1982 months. Savanna environment: Reduction in Formiciade, Orthoptera (Acridoidae, Blattoidae). No recovery in 5 months. (Pitfall traps, malaise traps). Burkina Deltamethrin 0.19/0.36/ H Endosulfan/azamethiphos did not cause any noticeable Takken Faso Azamethipos 12.5 g/ha effect on non-target insects. Fenthion (2.6) caused et. al. 1978 Fenthion 3.3 g/ha moderate mortality (mainly Hymenoptera). Endosulfan 1.3/2.6 g/ha All applications of permethrin and deltamethrin caused Permethrin 9 g/ha mortality in a number of taxa (mainly Hymenoptera, 1.9/4.3 g/ha Diptera, Hemiptera) (funnel traps, fallout sheets). Ants (Formicidae) were very vulnerable. (no control area investigated) Niger Endosulfan 900 g/ha H Highest mortality firest 2 days after application, but Dortland residual effect for 16 days (funnel traps). et. al. 1978 Taxa showing highest fallout were Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera and Formiciade. (no control area investigated). Source : Valk and Koeman (1988) Note : 1: All doses as active ingredient 2: FW: fixed wing aircraft application, H: helicopter application, G: ground application 3: Effects on bees in separate table Table 1.3.34 Some Examples of Pesticide Poisoning of Bees in Vector Control Country Pesticide Vector Effects Source Ivory Cyfluthrin (OMS 2013)12 tsetse flies Reduction of Apoidae caught in Malaise traps. Buijsen et. al., 1986 Coast g ai/ha Fenfluthrin (OMS 2012) Recovery of catches occurred after one week 12 g ai/ha (ground sprays) Somalia Endosulfan 10-41 g ai/ha (5x) tsetse flies 1983: hyperactivity, hive desertion and Douthwaite, 1985 (Aerosol drift sprays by air) mortality (approx. five fold compared to control) 1984: hyperactivity, hive desertion, no mortality. future spraying recommended to stop at dawn and dose rates not to exceed 18 g ai/ha Zimbabwe Endosulfan ULV 14 g ai/ha tsetse flies No effects observed on colonies of wild Cock-bill, 1979 (FW aircraft, 6 applications) Mopane bees (Trigona spp.). A total of 115 nests were expected in control and treated areas. Source: Valk and Koeman (1988)
50 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment Table 1.3.35 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Aquatic Vertebrates Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli cation 2 Tsetse Control Reported effects Source Somalia Endosulfan 10-41 g/ha FW Kills of young small fish in still, shallow water; probably Doutlwaite (5x) negligible compared to observed large kills due to heat/ 1985 asphyxiation. Cameroon Dieldrin 750-900 g/ha H Abundance of the two fishes most common in the Muller et. al. (1x) investigated brook (Aphyosemion bualanum, Clarias 1981 walker; both consumed by man), did not show any changes after spraying nor one year later. Rotswana Endosulfan 6-12 g/ha (6x) FW Some fish killed in open shallow pools; none among Fox et. al. grass swamp. Estimated 1% of population killed after 1982 each spraying. Several fish showed brain damage and liver lesions Matthiessen immediately after onset of spraying. Recovery after and Roberts, stopping of sprays (NB: no controls). 1982 Endosulfan residues in living fish low: 0.19 mg/kg w.w. Matthiessen (muscle) or (generally) 0.8 mg/kg w.w. (viscera). Values et. al. 1982 returned to normal within 3 months after cessation of spraying. Killed fish were all small and had low lipid content. Nigeria Endosulfan 800-1000 g/ha H Mass mortality of fish occurred in river. After some days Koeman (1x) no live fish were seen anymore. After 1.5 months only et. al. 1978 very few juvenile fish were collected. One year later fair numbers were again caught by local fishermen. Ivory Coast Endosulfan 267 g/ha (1x) H All fish in treated pool died. Everts et al. 1983 Nigeria Permethrin 500 g/km (1x) G Fish killed in pool of standing water (accident possibly). Smies et. al. No effects observed from cypermathrin (G: 440 g/km and 1981 H:60-150 g/ha), deltamethrin (G:71.4 g/km and H:20-40 g/ha) and permethrin (H:200-300 g/ha) Zimbabwe Endosulfan 14 g/ha FW Dead fish found floating in pool or river 1-3 days after Cock-hill, application (5 species, 41 individuals). All smaller than 1979 110 mm. Ivory Dieldrin 3-4 kg/ha G Considerable contamination of river water. Many dead Everts and Coast fish, most of them small. Koeman, 1982- Niger Endosulfan 900 g/ha (1x) H Massive fish kills. Continued for four days. Total of 48 Dortland species were recorded among the victims Approx. et. al., 1978 5500 individuals. Even large fish were killed. After 23 days local fishermen caught very few species and numbers. Residues in fish relatively low (0.02-1.45 ug/g muscle; 0.99-37.3 ug/g liver), but higher than from untreated areas. Burkina Endosulfan 9.0 g/ha H No adverse effects on fish were seen in any of the Takken Faso Permethrin 1.9/4.3 g/ha treated areas. et. al. 1978 0.19/0.36/ Deltamethrin 12.5 g/ha 1.3/2.6 g/ha Fenthion 3.3 g/ha Azamethiphosa Burkina Permethrin 2.5(1x)/2.5 H Mortality of fish occurred after the two highest doses of Everts et.al. Faso (5x)/ 50 (1x) endosulfan. Some species extinct after 2nd spray round. 1978 g/ha ) 0.2(1x) One year later small fish present again. Baldry et. al. Deltamethrin 12.5(2x) g/ha 1981 5-10 g/ha(4x)/ Endosulfan 100/200 g/ha (2x) Nigeria Dieldrin 0.68/1.8 G Mortality in fish and amphibians relatively low. Koeman kg/ha(1x) Residues of dieldrin in these groups (up until 1 month et. al. 1971 after spraying) were considerably elevated (0.1-5.4 ppm w.w. total body and 0.14-15 ppm w.w. in liver and/or fat). [contd.]
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People's Report 2002-2003 BANGLADES
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First published December 2004 © Un
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vi Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrati
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viii Table 3.1.1.4 Numbers and Area
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x Table 6.1.3 Supply and Consumptio
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xii Table 9.1.9 Casualty Distributi
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Table 4.1.7 Thana Union Affected Fa
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Water 103 Table 4.2.2 Regional Vari
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Water 105 Table 4.2.6 Source of Wat
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Water 107 Table 4.2.13 Water Pricin
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Water 109 4.3 Water Quality Table 4
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Water 111 Table 4.3.2b Cr (mg/L) Co
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Chapter 5 Industry 5.1 Waste Genera
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116 People's Report 2002-2003 : Ban
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Energy 121 6.1 Energy Source and Co
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Energy 123 Table 6.2.2 Existing Co-
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Energy 125 6.3 Natural Gas and Oil
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Energy 127 Table 6.3.4 Natural Gas
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Chapter 7 Urbanization 7.1 People a
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Population Health and Nutrition 145
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Population Health and Nutrition 147
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Table 8.3.5 Status of Urban Water a
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Table 8.3.5 Sirajganj Natore Naogao
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Table 8.3.5 Gaibandha Kurigram Lalm
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Table 8.3.6 Population Shallow Tube
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Table 8.3.6 Population District: Th
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Chapter 9 Transport and Communicati
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Climate 175 10.1 Rainfall Table 10.
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Climate 177 10.2 Global Climate Cha
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Climate 179 Table 10.2.5 Changes in
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Climate 181 Table 10.3.4 Main Areas
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References CHAPTER 1 Ahmed, M. F.,
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References 185 Razzaque, M. A. (200
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References 187 CHAPTER 6 Alam, M.,
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References 189 Iqbal, M. A., Ahmed,
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