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Land and Agriculture 47 Table 1.3.32 Some Reported Side-effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Birds and Mammals in (Sub) Tropical Climates Country Pesticide 1 (g ai/ha) Cropping System Effects Source Chad Endrin/DDT 300/ Cotton Direct mortality of several species of birds attributed to sprays Everaarts 900 (30x) of endrin and seed dressings of dieldrin (based on residue et. al., 1971 DDT Endosulfan/ analysis). No important insecticide accumulation found in fish 700/500/250 eating birds. M-parathion Egypt Not specified Cotton Reduction of populations of several species of birds of prey, Mullie and e.g. black kite (Milvus migrans), black shouldered hawk Meininger, (Elanus caeruleus) and other birds, e.g. cattle egret (Bubulcus 1985 ibis) and hooded crow (Corvus corone), correlated with intensive cotton growing. Zinc phosphide Not specified Assumed secondary poisoning of foxes (Vulpes spp.) Idem USA Parathion, EPN Cotton Reduction of productivity up to 50% of a colony of laughting White (Texas) gulls (Larus atricilla). Reduction of AChE to 98% Detected in et. al. 1983 dead birds. Gulls appeared to be attracted to cotton fields at spraying, which resulted in some acute mortality and contaminated food being brought into the colony. Israel Thallium sulfate 15 Mainly grains, After introduction of TS as a rodenticide against mice and voles, Mendelssoin, grains - 2% alfalfa, clover widespread mortality occurred in granivorous bids and raptors. 1972 High amounts of TS found in livers of dead birds. Some species of raptors almost completely disappeared. After discontinuation of TS-use a slight improvement of population of some birds of prey was observed. Zimbabwe Organochlorines Not specified Residues of DDE in eggs of a range of birds were higher Tannock in urban and agricultural regions compared to relatively et. al., 1983 virginal areas. In some raptors residue levels approached those that can hamper reproduction. Guam DDT Not specified Decline of bird population is general and insectivorous Jenkins, birds in particular. DDE residues in upper layers of guano 1983 deposits contained more DDE residues (0-10 ppm) than from lower layers. Senegal Carbofuran 400-500 Rice (paddy) Low bird densities, especially Charadriidae, in fields that Verway (gramules) were treated with pesticides compared to untreated fields. et. al., 1986 2,4-D Birds ingesting carbofuran granules died on the spot 1200 Proporall 2000 USA Carbofuran Rice 106 Birds (11 species) found dead in and around 42 ha Flickinger (Texas) 40% (flowable) (unflooded) rice field. Residues in dead birds of carbofuran (average et. al., 1986 (illegal seed 3.4 ppm in GI-tracts). AChE inhibition of more than 50% treatment) (1x) in 31% of animals; between 20-50% in 13% of animals. Although malathion was also used in the field, mortality was related to carbofuran (MIS) use. USA Carbofuram 560 (1x) Rice (flooded) Some mortality of birds the day after application. Four Flickinger (Texas) Aerial application; sandpipers had 1-8 granules carbofuran in their et al., 1980 Granules stomachs. his was probably enough to have killed them. USA Aldrin 280 Rice (flooded) 54 and 60 dead/dying snow geese (Chen c. Flickinger (Texas) (seed dressing) caerulescens) found in and around rice field in two et. al., 1979 seasons. Dieldrin residues in braine averaged 8.2 ppm in moribund and 14.1 ppm in dead geese (lethal concentrations). [Contd.]
48 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment Table 1.3.32 Country Pesticide 1 (g at/ha) Cropping System Effects Source Australia Dieldrin 1.1 kg/ha Pasture Pre-sowing soil treatment. After treatments, persistent residues Gilbert and (1x ) Heptachlor were found in soil and pasture and grazing stock, although Lewis, 1982 1.1 kg/ha (1x) residues declined over the trial period (3 years). Stock residues (not specified in a.i. in many cases exceeded the 0.15 and 0.20 ppm maximum or formulation) residue limits for the fat of milk and meat. Similar residues were found in additional cattle introduced after 15 months. Source: Valk and Koeman (1988) Note 1 : All doses expressed as unless stated otherwise; if no dose-rate is given, it was not specified in the article Table 1.3.33 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Terrestrial Invertebrates Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli cation 2 Reported effects Source Tsetse Control Cameroon Dieldrin 750-900 g/ha H Estimated 10% reduction of overground invertebrates Muller (fallout on sheets on the ground). Reduction of et. al. 1981 solidwelling arthropods after sprays (pitfalls), but almost complete restoration during subsequtn dry season. Possibly large part of lepidoptera wiped out and not returned a year later. (NB: no control area investigated). Nigerai Dieldrin 900 g/ha H Spiders, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera found dead in Koeman large numbers after spraying. et. al. 1978 Dieldrin 800 g/ha H Insectgs and spiders found dead after spraying. Marked mortality amount ants (Hymenoptera). Endomulfan 800 g/ha H Insects and spiders founddead after spraying. Marked mortality among ants, other Hymenopters, Coleoptera, Diptera. Residual effect lasts approximately 5 days Ivory Endosulfan 267 g/ha (5x) H Knockdown of many insects after spraying (funnel traps); Everts Coast especially ants, other Hymenoptera, Diptera. Flying et. al. 1983 insects reduced (Malaise traps). Recovery after each application. No apparent long term effect on entomofauna. 10/267 (5x) H No effect observed on indoor resting anophellnemalaria mosquitos. Reduction of culicine mosquitos which was pemanent during spray period. No clear effect on dusk bitting captures of both groups, nor on species composition and number in ovitraps. (NB: no control area investigated). Ivory Cypermethrin 71-143 g/ha G Marked effects on arthropnd fauna, observed, Everts Coast Deltamethrin 112 g/ha cypermethrin: reduction of Araneae, Ephydridae, et. al. 1985 Permethrin 121 g/ha Prototrupoidae, increase in Homoptera, Stratiomyidae, (all 1x) permethrii reduction in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Ephydridae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, Ichneumonoidae, Chalcidoidae, Proctotrupoidae, deltamethrin: reduction in Orthoptera, Muscidae, Proctotrupoidae. Increase in Nematocera. (Pitfall traps, Malaise traps). All affected taxa but one (a proctotrupoid genus) showed recovery within 2 months. [Contd.]
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People's Report 2002-2003 BANGLADES
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First published December 2004 © Un
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vi Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrati
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viii Table 3.1.1.4 Numbers and Area
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x Table 6.1.3 Supply and Consumptio
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Water 103 Table 4.2.2 Regional Vari
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Water 109 4.3 Water Quality Table 4
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Water 111 Table 4.3.2b Cr (mg/L) Co
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Chapter 5 Industry 5.1 Waste Genera
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116 People's Report 2002-2003 : Ban
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Energy 121 6.1 Energy Source and Co
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Energy 123 Table 6.2.2 Existing Co-
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Energy 125 6.3 Natural Gas and Oil
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Energy 127 Table 6.3.4 Natural Gas
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Population Health and Nutrition 145
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Population Health and Nutrition 147
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Table 8.3.5 Status of Urban Water a
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Table 8.3.5 Sirajganj Natore Naogao
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Table 8.3.5 Gaibandha Kurigram Lalm
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Table 8.3.6 Population Shallow Tube
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Table 8.3.6 Population District: Th
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Chapter 9 Transport and Communicati
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Climate 175 10.1 Rainfall Table 10.
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Climate 177 10.2 Global Climate Cha
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Climate 179 Table 10.2.5 Changes in
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Climate 181 Table 10.3.4 Main Areas
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References CHAPTER 1 Ahmed, M. F.,
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References 185 Razzaque, M. A. (200
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References 187 CHAPTER 6 Alam, M.,
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References 189 Iqbal, M. A., Ahmed,
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