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Land and Agriculture 51 Table 1.3.35 Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli- cation 2 Reported effects Source Simulium Control Ghana Temephos max. 0.5 'by air' No fish kills observed that could be attributed to Abhan and ppm/10min temephos. However increased activity possibly caused Sammin, more fish to be caught in fishing nets. During dry season, 1982 regular treatment may expose fish for longer periods than expected. Togo Permethrin 248-530 g/ha H 30 minutes after spraying, disorientation and Douben Cypermethrin (1x) hyperactivity among fish. After 24 hours no live specimens et. al. 1985 72-198 g/ha were found anymore. Tadpoles died after 30 minutes. (1x) Live fish observed 2 days after permethrin and 3 days after cypermethrin treatment. Ivory GH 74 R* 02 ppm/ G (*: OMS1358: 1,1-bis-(para-oethoxyphenyl)-2 nitro Troubat Coast 10 min propane). Immediate effect on fish and amphibians et. al. resulted in mortality of even fairly resistant species like Lardeux, Clarias sp. and Chrysichtus sp. 1982 Volta Temephos 0.05-0.10ppm G/H Fish are generally little or not affected. Appears to WHO, River Bacillus /10min 1.6 ppm /FW be no long term effect 1985 b Basin Thuringtensis /10min (weekly (West Africa) H-14 applic.) Source : Valk and Koeman (1988) Note : 1. All doses as Active Ingredient 2. FW: Fixed wing aircraft application / H: Helicopter application / G: ground application Table 1.3.36 Side-effects of Pesticides in Vector Control: Aquatic Invertebrates Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli- cation 2 Tsetse Control Reported effects Source Botswana Endosulfan 6-12 g/ha FM (study during 3 dry seasons. No changes in zooplankton Russel-Smith (4-6x per (numbers of composition) and invertebrates in periphyton and Ruckert, season) (numbers) in lagoon, that were attributable to spraying. 1981 Nigeria Permathrin 500 g/km (G); 200-300 One day after spraying many dead invertebrates found. Smies et. al. Cypermethrin 440 g/km (G); g/ha (H) Prominent groups affected were water beetles, and 1980 Deltamethrin 71 g/km (G); 60-150 crustaceans (Caridina africana). No apparent differences g/ha (H) between compounds and applic. methods. Ephemeroptera, 20-40 Zygoptera and Corixidae were affected during an g/ha (unspecified) postspray period. At least Ephemeroptera and Caridina recovered to some extent the year after. Burkina Endosulfan 9 g/ha H Deltamethrin (0.19) caused paralysation of fresh water Takken et. al. Faso Permethrin 1.9/4.3 g/ha shrimp Macrobrachium raridens while with the highest 1978 Deltamethrin 0.19/0.36/ dose (12.5) all shrimp in the area were killed (up until Fenthion 12.5 g/ha 50 specimen/meter river bank). Also Caridina africana Azamethiphos 1.3/2.6 g/ha population reduced. Permethrin (4.3) caused 70% 3.3 g/ha reduction of shrimp catches. Both compounds resulted in mortality in skaters (Gerridae) and back swimmers) (Notonectidae). Skaters reappeared after 10 days postspray. Burkina Permethrin 2.5 (5x)50 Deltamethrin at 12.5 g/ha practically eliminated shrimp Everts et. al., Faso Deltamethrin g/ha population (C. africana, M. raridens). After repeated 1978 Endowsulfan 0.2/12.5 (2x) permethrin applications M. raridens was not found Baldry et. al. g/ha anymore. Highest endosulfan rates caused paralysation 1981 3.85-10 g/ha of shrimp. C. africana had repopulated affected areas 100-200 g/ha one year later. Niger Endosulfan 900 g/ha H No effect observed on benthic fauna. Surface dwelling Dortland skaters (gerridae) were killed in substantial numbers et. al. 1978 [contd.]
52 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment Table 1.3.36 Country Pesticide Dose 1 Appli cation 2 Simulium Control Reported effects Source Ivory Temephos 0.05-0.1 ppm/ H/FW Short term: massive detachment invertebrate fauna Elouard, Coast 10min Long term: disappearance/rarification of some species 1984a (Stimulium adersi) some Ephemeroptera proliferation of S. schoutedent, Chironomidae. No effect Hydropsychidae (predator of Simulium). 43% overall reduction quantity of aquatic invertebrates. Ivory GH 74* 0.2 ppm/ G (*=OMS 1358= 1, 1-bis-(para-ethoxyphenyl)-2 nitro Troubat et. al. Coast 10min propane). Very rapid and catastrophic increase in drift Lardeux, of all taxa. Mortality of drifting animals close to 95%. 1982 Ghana Temephos 0.05-0.1 'by air' Increased drift of aquatic invertebrates first hour after Sammon ppm/10min spraying. Afterwards normal drift cycles. No sign. and Pugh Reduction in normally drifting populations Thamas, (Cladocera, Copepoda, Chaoborida). 1979 (NB: very short observation period: 48 hours.) Source : Valk and Koeman (1988) Note _ Temephos Review article. Generally temephos at field rates induced detachment Opong of invertebrates from their substrates. Some groups -Mensah affected more (Ephemeroptera; Simulium sp.;). Others 1984 increased (spceically Chironomidae). Japan Temphos 5 ppm/30min G Both insecticides killed the majority of the zoobenthos Yasuno Chlorphoxim 2 ppm/3 hours and resulted in a bloom of epilithic algae. The et. al. 1985 chironomid populations recovered quickly but the trichopteran larvae slowly. (outdoor model stream study). Ivory Temephos 0.05-0.1 Alternate use of the 3 insecticides (but mainly temephos Elouard and coast Chlorphoxim ppm/10min ? and chlorphoxim) during 3 years, showed no difference Gibon, 1984 Baillus (probably with the single applications. No effect on population Thuringieneis idem)1.6 ppm/ densities as a whole. 10 min Change in structure: Ephemeroptera (Baetidae) H-14 H/FW decreased (esp. with chlorphoxim). Chironomidae increased whatever insecticide is used. Togo Temephos 0.05ppm/ H/G Detachment of benthic fauna in gutters positioned in the Yameogo Azamethiphos 10min river was 32-38% (azamethifos), 31% (temephos) and et. al. 1984 0.17-0.2ppm/ 17% (control). Surber samples showed 42% detachment 10min of fauna in situ azamethifos) Population structure was unaffected. Bulk of drift were Simultidae, Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera. (Short term experiment: 48 hours). Togo Permathrin 0.015 ppm/ H Detachment of benthic fauna 59-77%. Ephemeroptera Paugy 10min (94-98% detachment) and Simuliidae (89-100% det.) et. al. 1984 were affected most. Chironomidae fairly insensitive (6-29% det.) (all gutter experiments). In situ same pattern (surber samples). Concluded that short term effect of permethrin on nontarget aquatic fauna is far more drastic than temephos. : 1: All doses as active ingredient 2: FW: fixed wing aircraft application, H: helicopter application, G: ground application.
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People's Report 2002-2003 BANGLADES
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First published December 2004 © Un
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vi Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrati
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viii Table 3.1.1.4 Numbers and Area
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x Table 6.1.3 Supply and Consumptio
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xii Table 9.1.9 Casualty Distributi
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Acknowledgements People's Report 20
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Table 4.1.7 Thana Union Affected Fa
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Water 103 Table 4.2.2 Regional Vari
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Water 105 Table 4.2.6 Source of Wat
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Water 107 Table 4.2.13 Water Pricin
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Water 109 4.3 Water Quality Table 4
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Water 111 Table 4.3.2b Cr (mg/L) Co
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Chapter 5 Industry 5.1 Waste Genera
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116 People's Report 2002-2003 : Ban
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Energy 121 6.1 Energy Source and Co
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Energy 123 Table 6.2.2 Existing Co-
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Energy 125 6.3 Natural Gas and Oil
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Energy 127 Table 6.3.4 Natural Gas
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Chapter 7 Urbanization 7.1 People a
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Population Health and Nutrition 145
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Population Health and Nutrition 147
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Table 8.3.5 Status of Urban Water a
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Table 8.3.5 Sirajganj Natore Naogao
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Table 8.3.5 Gaibandha Kurigram Lalm
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Table 8.3.6 Population Shallow Tube
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Table 8.3.6 Population District: Th
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Chapter 9 Transport and Communicati
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Climate 175 10.1 Rainfall Table 10.
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Climate 177 10.2 Global Climate Cha
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Climate 179 Table 10.2.5 Changes in
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Climate 181 Table 10.3.4 Main Areas
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References CHAPTER 1 Ahmed, M. F.,
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References 185 Razzaque, M. A. (200
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References 187 CHAPTER 6 Alam, M.,
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References 189 Iqbal, M. A., Ahmed,
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