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Land and Agriculture 45 Table 1.3.30c Insecticide Field Use Laboratory Formulation Toxicity Residual Toxicity Use Class Toxicity Pyrethrins Low low 3 h IV Schradan low 1 day III Temphos High e.c. low 3 h III Tetrachlorvinphos High e.c., w.p., dust low 3 h III Trichlorphon Low w.p., low-high 2-5 h III dust high > 3 h I Source : Chandler (1976) Note : Use Class Residual toxicity Appliation time I Moderate to high at 10 hours or longer Cannot be applied safely to blooming crops at any time II low to moderate at 10 hours can be applied in late evening after foraging III low to moderate at 3 hours can be applied whenever bees are not foraging IV none to low at application can be applied any time with a minimum of injury to bees Table 1.3.31 Examples of Pesticide Induced Effects on Natural Enemies of Pests in (sub) Tropical Crops Country Pesticide Dose (kg ai/ha) Pest to be controlled Effects Source Cotton Sudan DDT + dimethoate 1.1 + 0.45 Heliothis The use of these insecticides is Evelecus armigera mentioned to have resulted in the (1983) Endosulfan 10 + 0.45 (American increased pest status of whitefly nittrich +dimethoate bollworm) Quinalphos 0.6 Monocrotophos ? (Bomisia tabaci). Reduction of natural et al. Dimethoate + ? enemies is one (among several other) (1986). deltamethrin causes. USA Fenvalerate 0.056/0.11 Heliothis spp After 2 or 3 sprays, elimination of Roach and Toxaphene+methy 2.24 + 1.12 predator species (groups assessed: Hopkins, 1 parathion Coccinellidae, spiders, Geocoris spp., 1981 AC-222,705 0.056 Jalysus spinosus, green and brown (pyrethroid) Iacewing, Orius insidiosus, nabida, Monocrotophos 0.56 carabids, anta). India Deltamethrin 10 g ai/ha Pectinophora After treatmentboth reduction and Singh and Carbary 1 gossypiella increase of different predator/parasite Sidhu, Carbary 1 1.25 (pink bollworm) groups observed. Most non-target pest 1985 species reduced. Spider mites (Tetranychus cinnabarinus increased 2x in deltamethrin and 5x in carbary 1 treated plots.) Rice Japan Gamma-BMC 1.8 (granules) Nephotettix- In BHC-treated plots the ratio of prey Kiritani cincticeps (leafhopper) to predator (spiders: (1976) BPMC 1.5 (granules) (rice leafhopper) oedothorax insectleeps) changed in favour of the prey. [Contd.]
46 People's Report 2002-2003 : Bangladesh Environment Table 1.3.31 Country Pesticide Dose (kg ai/ha) Pest to be controlled Rice Effects Source BPMC 0.6 - 0.8 leaf- and plan No effect on total spider abundance, Kiritani (dust) hoppers but the most effective predator species (1976) (Lycosa pseudoannulata) markedly reduced for 2 months. Kenya Phosphamidon ? Maliarpha Insecticidal sprays of ricefields killed Service separatella both the malaria vector (Anopheles (1977) (rice stem borer) gambiae) and its predators. The former reestablished themselves very quickly, but recolonisation by the predators was slower. This probably accounted for the reduction in preadult mortality (84%) found in the mosquito population after spraying. Japan Paraquat 0.24 (2 M.B.F.)* Weeds All herbicide plots yielded more plant Ishihashi Thiohencarb + 2.8 + 0.6 -parasitic nematodes from the soil than et al. simetryne (3 WA.F.)* did the hand-weeded controls. (1983) Chlormethoxynil 2.8 (A.F.)* Predacious nematodes were *MBF: month before drastically reduced in thio./sym. and flooding chlor. Plots. (Damage relations were WAF: week after not investigated nor were predator flooding -prey interactions.) AF : at flooding Cotton Carbofuran 1.0 Orseolia oryzae Insecticidal treatment had very little Sample India Phorate (All granules, (rice gall mide) effect on parasite (Platygaster oryzae). et al. Isofenphos applied 30 days Ethoprophos gave highest yields; (1983) Isoprocarh after however bothfrom the point of view of transplanting) productivity and conservation of DPMC natural enomies, isofenphos was Ethoprophos thought to be best. Root dips showed Disulfoton no differences. Quinalphos USA Carbosulfan (All seedlings were root dipped in chlorpyrifos or isofenphos (0.02% ai) before transplating.) Sugarcane Mirex 0.02 (granules) Solenopsis invicta Insecticide was used to kill red Rengan (red imported imported fire ant (no pest of et al. fire ant) sugarcane). It caused a more than (1972) 50% increase in sugarcane borer (Diatraean saccharalis) and 69% increase inc rop damage. Significant reduction of anti, carabid- and staphilinid predators thought to be the cause. Cowpea Nigeria DDT 1 kg ai/ha not specified Marked reudction of activity of spiders TITA, Weekly for 10 weeks/ (Lycosidae) in treated plots during part (1975) season (3 seasons) of the season. Source : Valk and Koeman (1988)
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People's Report 2002-2003 BANGLADES
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First published December 2004 © Un
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vi Table 1.2.26 Arsenic Concentrati
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Table 4.1.7 Flood Affected Areas, M
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Water 103 Table 4.2.2 Regional Vari
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Water 105 Table 4.2.6 Source of Wat
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Water 107 Table 4.2.13 Water Pricin
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Water 109 4.3 Water Quality Table 4
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Water 111 Table 4.3.2b Cr (mg/L) Co
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Chapter 5 Industry 5.1 Waste Genera
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116 People's Report 2002-2003 : Ban
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Energy 121 6.1 Energy Source and Co
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Energy 123 Table 6.2.2 Existing Co-
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Energy 125 6.3 Natural Gas and Oil
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Energy 127 Table 6.3.4 Natural Gas
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Chapter 7 Urbanization 7.1 People a
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Population Health and Nutrition 145
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Population Health and Nutrition 147
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Table 8.3.5 Status of Urban Water a
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Table 8.3.5 Sirajganj Natore Naogao
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Table 8.3.5 Gaibandha Kurigram Lalm
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Table 8.3.6 Population Shallow Tube
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Table 8.3.6 Population District: Th
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Chapter 9 Transport and Communicati
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Climate 175 10.1 Rainfall Table 10.
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Climate 177 10.2 Global Climate Cha
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Climate 179 Table 10.2.5 Changes in
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Climate 181 Table 10.3.4 Main Areas
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References CHAPTER 1 Ahmed, M. F.,
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References 185 Razzaque, M. A. (200
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References 187 CHAPTER 6 Alam, M.,
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References 189 Iqbal, M. A., Ahmed,
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