Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: - HelpAge International

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Chapter 3: A review of progress – Regional issues and responses Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) 20 Key facts 21 • In 2012, 63.1 million people were aged 60 years or over, representing 10 per cent of the total population in the region. • 187 million people (25 per cent of the total population) are expected to be aged 60 years and over in 2050. • In 2012, 2 per cent (9.3 million) of the population were aged 80 or over. Between 1950 and 2050, the proportion of the “oldest old” will increase from 0.4 per cent to 6 per cent (41.4 million) of the total population. By 2075, one in 10 people will be 80 years or over, outnumbering even those under 10 years. • The population of Latin America and the Caribbean is ageing more quickly than in the developed world. By 2050, the region is expected to have aged to the same degree as developed regions have aged today. • Prospects show that the number of older people will exceed – for the first time – that of children by the year 2036. Nevertheless, the region is strikingly heterogeneous. For example: – Cuba, Martinique and the United States Virgin Islands are among the countries and territories that are farthest along the population ageing process: in 2010 the number of older persons was almost the same as the number of children under 15. – In Belize, Bolivia, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Paraguay, the ageing index (the number of persons 60 years old or over per 100 children under age 15) is forecast to be below 70 in 2040; this is substantially lower than the projected sub-regional averages. • In Latin America and the Caribbean, already approximately one in eight men aged 60 years and over is aged 80 years or over. The estimate for women is one in six. Key issues in the region A common element that runs through the region is inequality. Inequalities in old age can be deepened if there are no appropriate interventions to reverse them. The challenge lies in breaking away from the traditional view that ageing is a problem, and to turn it into an opportunity. This requires concerted and effective action from public authorities and citizens. In most of the countries in the region, the majority of older persons have no old-age pensions to protect them against the risk of income loss as they age. Furthermore, employment-based social security coverage is unequal, increasing the likelihood that future generations will lack economic protection. One way to avoid an old age without economic protection is to join the labour market and look for income-generating alternatives. Nevertheless, this tends to offer few economic advantages and little security. Consequently, families tend to be one of the main mechanisms for absorbing economic risk during old age, not only by means of informal cash transfers but also by providing services that, if procured in the market, would be too costly for most older persons living in the region. Health-care systems have been slow to adapt to the increased demand resulting from demographic, epidemiological and technological changes. This translates into escalating health-care costs and spending and the lack of universal access to timely and good-quality health services. Health-care coverage is uneven, and even if older people have health insurance they may be unable to go to a medical facility when they need to. As the current generation of older people becomes less self-sufficient, they worry about access to medicines at an affordable price, to effective health-care services that meet their needs, and to supervised long-term care that respects their fundamental rights and freedoms as they become more dependent. The demographic transition is changing the structure of families. The percentage of households containing older persons is increasing as the population ages. Up to now, families have provided their older members with emotional, economic, social and health-care support, shouldering responsibility for care and social integration. However, families are shrinking, family structure has become more diverse and varied in recent decades, and families are overburdened by the need to take on new responsibilities as the State grows weaker. The institution of the family is overwhelmed and, without adequate support, will be hard-pressed to perform all the duties that have fallen to it. 118 Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and A Challenge
Regional Strategy for Implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean In 2003, ECLAC and the Government of Chile organized the first Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing, which took place in Santiago in November 2003. At the conference, the Member States of ECLAC adopted the Regional Strategy for the Implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. In 2007, the second Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean, Towards a Society for All Ages and Rightsbased Social Protection, was organized jointly by ECLAC and the Government of Brazil and held in Brasilia in December 2007. The outcome was the Brasilia Declaration, which was endorsed in June 2008. Regional preparations for the second review and appraisal The first preparatory event of the Third Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing (Costa Rica, 2012) was the Regional Meeting for the Follow-Up to the Brasilia Declaration and the Promotion of the Rights of Older People, organized jointly by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE), the Population Division of ECLAC and the Government of Chile. It was held in Santiago in November 2011. The second event was the International Forum on the Rights of Older People, held in Mexico City in March, 2012. It was organized by the Government of Mexico City, through the Institute for the Care of Older Persons in Mexico City, and CELADE. The Third Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean was organized by ECLAC and the Government of Costa Rica in May 2012 in San José. The San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons is the final outcome of the conference. In this document, government representatives also reaffirmed their commitment to spare no effort to promote and protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all older people, to work to eradicate all forms of discrimination and violence and to create networks for the protection of older people with a view to the effective exercise of their rights. In addition to supporting the work of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing and the Working Group of the Organization of American States, delegates urged considering the feasibility of both an international and an inter-American convention on the rights of older people and the possibility of appointing a special rapporteur responsible for the promotion and protection of the human rights of this age group. A day centre user in Jamaica. Likewise, they committed to strengthen the protection of the rights of older people by means of differentiated and preferential treatment, as well as the endorsement of special protection laws, priority attention to older people in administrative and judicial procedures, and benefits provided by the State. Governments will also seek to design public policies and programmes that raise awareness of the rights of older people and their participation in civil society organizations and councils. Countries also agreed to improve social protection systems so that they effectively meet the needs of older persons and foster the universal right to social security and health, by creating services to provide older people with health care, while promoting their independence, autonomy and dignity. Neil Cooper/HelpAge International 119
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Ageing in the Twenty-First Century:
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Ageing in the Twenty-First Century:
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Contents 6 List of abbreviations 7
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements O
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Preface This is a special year for
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HelpAge International Foreword Fore
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In 1950, there were 205 million per
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The way forward In many parts of th
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Chapter 1 of the report provides an
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Chapter 1: Setting the scene In 195
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Discussions with older people in So
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There are also marked sub-regional
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The difference between current life
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The implications of increasing life
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The challenges of population ageing
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The response: The Madrid Internatio
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When the law was passed we started
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Chapter 2: A fresh look at evidence
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I take care of eight grandchildren
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Older people in the Philippines mar
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Income security in old age The chal
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A major challenge in interpreting p
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social (non-contributory) pensions
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The global financial and economic c
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Table 2: Selection of social pensio
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South Africa’s Old Age Pension co
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I’m lucky to have a large pension
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Antonio Olmos/HelpAge International
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Computer training in Ireland. Rapid
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Transforming lives through literacy
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The rise of non-communicable diseas
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Dementia - a global concern Dementi
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Risk factors for chronic diseases T
Page 67 and 68: Many of the determinants of poor he
Page 69 and 70: Hospital care in Haiti. Older peopl
Page 71 and 72: Living longer with HIV Among infect
Page 73 and 74: Training of care providers and heal
Page 75 and 76: Age-friendly environments “Whatev
Page 77 and 78: Fixed-rate bus fares for people age
Page 79 and 80: In the UK, 45 per cent of 55-75 yea
Page 81 and 82: Workers in rural informal labour fo
Page 83 and 84: Urban life also has negative aspect
Page 85 and 86: Ageing and environmental change Cli
Page 87 and 88: A refugee in Dadaab, Kenya. A surve
Page 89 and 90: Global response In the past 10 year
Page 91 and 92: In Myanmar, volunteers from older p
Page 93 and 94: I give my mother my love “My moth
Page 95 and 96: Exposing elder abuse and discrimina
Page 97 and 98: Government response Few countries h
Page 99 and 100: Teresa Minja of the Tanzania Social
Page 101 and 102: On a different yet equally importan
Page 103 and 104: News, television, film and advertis
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 3: A review of progress The
Page 107 and 108: At least 17 countries have approved
Page 109 and 110: Table 2: Examples of surveys and re
Page 111 and 112: In a few countries, including the D
Page 113 and 114: South Africa’s National Archives
Page 115 and 116: Residents and staff of a care home
Page 117: Regional preparations for the secon
Page 121 and 122: Since 2011, Peru’s National Solid
Page 123 and 124: A great-grandmother in Viet Nam, wh
Page 125 and 126: In preparation for an analysis of p
Page 127 and 128: More specific recommendations are:
Page 129 and 130: service policies across sectors and
Page 131 and 132: In some countries, programmes to su
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 4: The voices of older pers
Page 135 and 136: Older persons’ responses to the M
Page 137 and 138: Health in older age Overall, partic
Page 139 and 140: In Kyrgyzstan, older people raised
Page 141 and 142: Some also refer to the shifting rel
Page 143 and 144: “Older people were also invited t
Page 145 and 146: “Older women can do many things.
Page 147 and 148: “Pension fund officers treat olde
Page 149 and 150: “In the past there was only one h
Page 151 and 152: “People with mental disorders are
Page 153 and 154: In various aspects of daily life, o
Page 155 and 156: Another barrier to tackling abuse -
Page 157 and 158: Based on these recommendations, a f
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 5: The way forward “Older
Page 161 and 162: concern in developed countries, whi
Page 163 and 164: Capacity development for an ageing
Page 165 and 166: Specific actions according to the P
Page 167 and 168: Percentage of total population aged
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Percentage of total population aged
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7. Unemployment rate of older perso
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17. Number and proportion of public
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In most countries, it proved feasib
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30. OECD, Pensions at a Glance 2009
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156. UNAIDS, Together We Will End A
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286. US States Government Accountab
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UNFPA, the United Nations Populatio
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