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Flash Flood Risk Management – A Training of Trainers Manual Figure 23: Types of glacial lakes I/Ig I/C I/B S M I/B I/Mg I Symbol I M S B C Ig Mg Type of Lake Ice-dammed lake Moraine-dammed lake Supraglacial lake Lake dammed by tributary glacier (blocked lake) Converging ice ponded Interglacial ponded Marginal ponded Note: Two letter symbol means both apply, (e.g., A/D means ice-dammed lake with the damming caused by a tributary glacier) Glacier Lake River River valley Flow direction Source: Shrestha (2008) Figure 24: Schematic view of typical glacial lakes found in the HKH: a) end moraine; b) lateral moraine; c) glacial lake; d) glacier terminus; e) hanging glacier; f) talus slope; g) dead ice session 16 e e d f b c a g b f d f Source: Shrestha (2008) 108
Day 4 Figure 25: Development of the Tsho Rolpa glacial lake 1957–59 1975–77 1994 0.23 km 2 0.80 km 2 1.39 km 2 0.78 km 2 1.27 km 2 1960–68 1979 1997 0.61 km 2 1.02 km 2 1.65 km 2 1972 1983–84 2002 0.62 km 2 1.16 km 2 1.76 km 2 1974 1988–90 0 1 2 3 km Source: Shrestha (2008) RM 16.2: Causes of glacial lake dam failure Moraine dam failure Moraine dams can be breached in a number of ways, the mechanisms of dam failure can be classified into two broad categories: • breaches caused by the erosion of dam material; • breaches caused by the sudden collapse of a portion of the dam (as in the case of earthquakes or geotechnical failures, for example). session 16 A moraine dam may collapse as a result of some external trigger or because of internal failure. A huge displacement wave can cause the water to overtop the moraine; the displacement wave can be caused by a rockslide or by an avalanche of snow or ice from the glacier terminus or by hanging glaciers falling into the lake. The displacement wave can cause a large breach that leads to dam failure (Ives 1986). The types of failure caused by erosion of the terminal moraine can be further classified as caused by: • overtopping of the dam due to a progressive rise in the lake level or by creation of a surface wave by a landslide, a rock fall, an icefall, ice calving, or wind waves; • piping through the dam material; • intensive rain which rapidly fills up the lake and eventually overtops or pipes through the moraine. Richardson and Reynolds (2000) analysed 26 GLOF events in the Himalayas in the twentieth century and concluded that a majority of the moraine dam failures were triggered by overtopping usually as a consequence of a displacement wave triggered by ice avalanches into the lake from hanging or calving glaciers. 109
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Flash Flood Risk Management A Train
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Published by International Centre f
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Foreword The Hindu Kush-Himalayan (
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Acronyms and Abbreviations CFFRMC D
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Flash Flood Risk Management - A Tra
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Flash Flood Risk Management - A Tra
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Introduction Day 1 Session/Activity
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Day 1 Suggestions for the facilitat
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Day 1 Suggestions for the facilitat
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Day 1 Session 2 Flash Flood Hazards
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Day 1 Session 2 Resource Materials
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Day 1 RM 2.4: Flash floods in the H
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Day 1 in flash floods during the pe
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Day 1 Activity 3.2: Identifying the
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Day 1 Figure 4: Categorisation of f
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Day 1 Session 4 Flash Flood Hazard
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Day 2 Session/Activity Session 5: V
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Day 2 Activity 5.2: Flash flood ris
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Day 2 In a physically vulnerable zo
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Day 2 Step 2 Show the short video o
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Day 2 Session 6 Handouts Handout 6.
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Day 2 Figure 8: The four pillars of
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Day 2 • As a result of rapid cha
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Day 2 Session 7 Community-Based Fla
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Day 2 Step 4 Step 5 Discuss the dif
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Day 2 Figure 10: Framework for comm
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Day 2 • First-aid and health: Th
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Day 2 Session 8 Gender Perspectives
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Day 2 The CFFRMC also plays a role
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Page 67 and 68: Day 2 groups such as people with di
Page 69 and 70: Day 2 RM 9.3: Process of participat
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Page 73 and 74: Day 3 Activity 10.3: Strategies for
Page 75 and 76: Day 3 RM 10.2: Various strategies f
Page 77 and 78: disseminated. The South Asian tsuna
Page 79 and 80: Day 3 Session 11 Resource Materials
Page 81 and 82: Day 3 Geospatial Stream Flow Model
Page 83 and 84: Day 3 Activity 12.2: Concept and co
Page 85 and 86: Day 3 perspective means looking for
Page 87 and 88: Day 3 their livelihoods. Watershed
Page 89 and 90: Day 3 Session 13 Hazard-Specific Fl
Page 91 and 92: Day 3 Session 13 Resource Materials
Page 93 and 94: Day 3 where Q = discharge A = area
Page 95 and 96: Day 3 There are two types of routin
Page 97 and 98: Day 3 Box 13: Exercise on flood rou
Page 99 and 100: Day 3 Activity 14.4: Measures that
Page 101 and 102: Day 3 Figure 15: Types of landslide
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Page 105 and 106: Day 3 Figure 21: Tsatichhu landslid
Page 107 and 108: Day 3 Estimating downstream floodin
Page 109 and 110: Day 3 Strand (1977) uses the same e
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Page 113 and 114: Day 4 Session 16 Hazard-Specific Fl
Page 115: Day 4 Session 16 Resource Materials
Page 119 and 120: Day 4 RM 16.3: Impacts of GLOF even
Page 121 and 122: Day 4 Supra or englacial drainage.
Page 123 and 124: Day 4 Briefing for the Field Trip T
Page 125: Days 5, 6, and 7 Field Trip
Page 128 and 129: Flash Flood Risk Management - A Tra
Page 144 and 145: Flash Flood Risk Management: A Trai
Page 158: Flash Flood Risk Management - A Tra
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