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9 8 VIOLENCE AND THE LABOR MOVEMENT
struggle for a long time to come. However, if we learn
little from those actually engaged in the conflict, there
are those outside who have labored earnestly to understand
and explain the causes of terrorism. Ethics, religion,
psychology, criminal — pathology, sociology, economics,
jurisprudence
all contribute to the explanation.
And, while it is not possible to go into the entire matter
as exhaustively as one could wish, there are several
points which seem to make clear the cause of this almost
individual struggle between the anarchists above and the
anarchists below.
Some of those who have written of the causes of ter-
There are those among the
rorism have a partisan bias.
Catholic clergy, for instance, who have sought to place
the entire onus on the doctrines of modern socialism.
This has, in turn, led August Bebel to point out that the
teachings of certain famous men in the Church have
condoned assassination. He reminds us of Mariana, the
Jesuit, who taught under what circumstances each individual
has a right to take the life of a tyrant. His work,
De Rege et Rege Constitntione, was famous in its time.
Lombroso tells us that "the Jesuits
. . . who even
to-day sustain the divine right of kings, when the kings
themselves believe in it no longer, revolted at one time
follow them
against the princes who were not willing to
in their misoneique and retrograde fanaticism and hurled
themselves into regicide. Thus three Jesuits were executed
in England in 1551 for complicity in a conspiracy
against the life of Elizabeth, and two others in 1605 in
connection with the powder plot. In France, Pere Guignard
was beheaded for high treason against Henry IV.
( I 595)- Some Jesuits were beheaded in Holland for the
conspiracies against Maurice de Nassau (1598) ; and,
later in Portugal, after the attempt to assassinate King