MCDA Final Report Malawi - Standards and Trade Development ...

40 Exports of groundnuts from Malawi, predominantly to the EU, increased appreciably over the period 2002 to
2011. Further, there is considered to be significant potential for foreign investment in this sector that could
contribute to future export growth. The sector, however, has been troubled with problems due to excess levels
of aflatoxins. The European Union (EU) Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) Portal lists 11 Notifications
for Malawian imports between 2005 and 2008. Of these one relates to the presence of the colorant Sudan
Yellow in curry and the ten remaining notifications all concern excessive aflatoxin levels detected in Malawian
groundnuts. At the same time, there are concerns about the local public health impacts of high levels of
mycotoxins groundnuts and other locally-consumed foods such as maize and cassava flour.
41 Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M, M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., Forman, D., (2011). Global Cancer Statistics, CA Cancer J
Clin, 61:69–90.
42 Nukenine, E.N., (2010). Stored product protection in Africa: Past, present and future, DOI:
10.5073/jka.2010.425.177. 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, Julius-Kühn-
Archiv, 425, 26-41
43 Various sources. For example see MALAWI CARER The Malawi Centre for Advice, Research and Education on
Rights, MALAWI TEA RESEARCH PROJECT. Commissioned by Center for research on Multinational Corporations
(SOMO), http://somo.nl/publications-en/Publication_3098/ Website accessed 31 March 2012.
44 Vermeulen, J. B., (2007). Report on maximum residue limits (MRLs) and pesticide use in tea in Malawi an
Zimbabwe, Mimeo, available at www.trfca.net/newsletters/mls.pdf Website accessed 31 March 2012
45 Vermeulen (2007) op cit.
46 Posted extract of review by Rudolf W. Hoffmann :Institute for Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, Veterinary
Faculty of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Reefs.org Discussion Forums,
http://www.reefs.org/forums/topic131122.html website accessed 31 March 2012
47 http://www.marine.ie/home/services/operational/fishhealth/Importing_Ornamentals.htm, website accessed 31
March 2012.
48 Cassidy, D., Maurer, J., Yasman, J. (2011). op cit.
49 Most of the remainder consisted of flours and meal from oilseeds.
50 Founded in 1924 during the 4th International Seed Testing Congress held in Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Currently its membership consists of 201 member laboratories, 52 personal members and 42 associate members,
from 79 countries around the world (December 2010). 120 of the ISTA Member Laboratories are accredited by
ISTA and entitled to issue ISTA International Seed Analysis Certificates. Source; ISTA Website
http://seedtest.org/en/about-ista-_content---1--1011.html, website accessed 1 April 2012.
51 The OECD is the main reference for the certification and standardization of certain agricultural commodities and
inputs. The work of the Organization in this area involves both Member and non-Member economies about 60
governments have established voluntary international rules in respect of varietal seed identification, to provide
passports for international trade. Source:
http://www.oecd.org/about/0,3347,en_2649_33905_1_1_1_1_1,00.html, website accessed 1 st April 2012.
52 UPOV is an international convention aimed at protecting plant breeders rights. Its mission Statement is; to
provide and promote an effective system of plant variety protection, with the aim of encouraging the
development of new varieties of plants, for the benefit of society.
53 This involved the national IPPC members in the region and was implemented by the Food, Agriculture and
Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network of the Southern African Development Community (FANRPAN).
54 As an example, for South Africa the following is a summary of the requirements for imports of day old chicks:
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