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lakes. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 183,81-88. BOZAL, N., TUDELA, E., ROSSELLO-MORA, R.. LALUCAT. J. and GUINEA. J. (1997). Pseudoalteromonas Antarctica sp. nov., isolated from an Antarctic coastal environment. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47.345-151. BRAMBILLA, E., HIPPE, H., HAGELSTEIN, A., TINDALL, B. J. and STACKEBRANDT, E. (2001). 16S rDNA diversity of cultured and uncultured prokaryotes of a mat sample from Lake Fryxell, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Extremophiles: Life Under Extreme Conditions. 5,1.23-33. BREZONICK, P. L. (1972). Nitrogen: Sources and transformations in natural waters. In: Nutrients in Natural Waters. (Eds. H. E. Allen & J. R. Kramer). J. Wiley & Sons. N. Y. pp. 1-50. BRIDSON, E. Y. (1998). The Oxoid Manual, 8 `h Ed. Oxoid Ltd, UK. BROCK, T. D. (1985). Life at high temperatures. Science, Washington. 230,132-138. BROEZE, R. J., SOLOMON, C. J. and POPE, D. H. (1978). Effects of low temperature on in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Bacteriology. 134,861-874. BROWN, T. A. (1996). Gene Cloning an Introduction, 3 `d Edition. Chapman & Hall. London. BROWN, M. V. and BOWMAN, J. P. (2001). A molecular phylogenetic survey of sea- ice microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 35,267-275. BURCH, M. D. (1988). Annual cycle of phytoplankton in Ace Lake, an ice covered saline meromictic lake. Hydrobiologia. 165,59-75. BURCHAM, T. S., OSUDA. D. T., YEH, Y. and FEENEY. R. E. (1986). A kinetic description of antifreeze glycoproteins activity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261,14,6390-6397. BURGESS, J. S., SPATE, A. P. and SHEVLIN, J. (1994). The onset of deglaciation in the Larsemann Hills. Eastern Antarctica. Antarctica Science. 6,4,491-495. BURKE, C. M. and BURTON. H. R. (1988). Photosynthetic bacteria in meromictic lakes and stratified fjords of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Hydrobiologia. 165.1 3- 3. BURTON. H. R. (1980). Methane in a saline Antarctic lake. In: BiogeochemislrY of Ancient and Modern Environments. Proceedings of the Fourth International 198
Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry (ISEB). (Eds. P. A. Trudinger and M. R. Walter). Australian Academy of Science, Canberra. BURTON, H. R. (1981). Chemistry, physics and evolution of Antarctic saline lakes. Hydrobiologia, 82,339-362. BURTON, H. R. and BARKER, R. J. (1979). Sulfur chemistry and microbiological fractionation of sulfur isotopes in a saline Antarctic Lake. Geomicrobiologv Journal. 1,4,329-340. BURTON, H. R. and CAMPBELL, P. J. (1980). The climate of the Vestfold Hills. Davis Station, Antarctica, with a note on its effects on the hydrology of hypersaline Deep Lake. ANARE. Scientific Report, Publication No. 1-29. Aust. Govt. Publ. Service, Canberra., 50 pp. BURTON, S. D. and MORITA, R. Y. (1963). Denaturation and renaturation of malic dehydrogenase in a cell-free extract from a marine psychrophile. Journal of Bacteriology. 86,1019-1024. BUTLER, E. C. V., BURTON, H. R. and SMITH, J. D. (1988). Iodine distribution in an Antarctic meromictic saline lake. Hydrobiologia. 165,97-101. CAMARDELLA, L., DI FRAIA, R., ANTIGNANI, A., CIARDIELLO, M. A., DI PRISCO, G., COLEMAN, J. K., BUCHON, L., GUESPIN, J., RUSSELL, N. J. (2002). The Antarctic Psychrobacter sp. TAD 1 has two cold-active glutamate dehydrogenases with different cofactor specificities. Characterisation of the NAD+ -dependant enzymes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part . 1. 131,559-567. CAMPBELL, B. J. and CARY, S. C. (2001). Characterization of a novel spirochete associated with the hydrothermal vent polychaete annelid, Alvinella pompejana. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67,1,110-117. CARBON, P., EHRESMANN, C., EHRESMANN, B. and EBEL, J. P. (1979). The complete nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal 16S rRNA from Esc'herichia coli. Experimental details and cistron heterogeneities. European Journal of Biochemistry. 100,2,3 99-410. CARPENTER, C. M. and HOFMANN, G. E. (2000). Expression of 70 kDa heat shock proteins in Antarctic and New Zealand notothenoid fish. Comparative 199
Page 1 and 2:
COLD ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND DIVE
Page 3 and 4:
, 71 "If you march your Winter Jour
Page 5 and 6:
1.6.3. Molecular typing techniques
Page 7 and 8:
3.2.1.2.3. DOC and chlorophyll a ..
Page 9 and 10:
5.3.2.5. The Sphingomonas group, is
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure I. I. Diagra
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 3.17a Mean bacterial abundan
Page 15 and 16:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Types of
Page 17 and 18:
List of Abbreviations AFP AFGP AFLP
Page 19 and 20:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was fun
Page 21 and 22:
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 - Tempe
Page 23 and 24:
1999 ; Hand & Burton, 1981) or iden
Page 25 and 26:
Cold adaptation is dependant on the
Page 27 and 28:
not at 25°C is a function of the a
Page 29 and 30:
The most prolific literature on col
Page 31 and 32:
process known as thermal hysteresis
Page 33 and 34:
dominant, role in the ice-growth in
Page 35 and 36:
explanation for this diversity is t
Page 37 and 38:
1.5.3.5 - Membrane bound solute tra
Page 39 and 40:
een well established (Russell & Nic
Page 41 and 42:
& Bowman, 2001; Labrenz & Hirsch, 2
Page 43 and 44:
The reaction mix contains both deox
Page 45 and 46:
gene mixtures and hence can be used
Page 47 and 48:
displaying a high number of common
Page 49 and 50:
AACGTCGAAA AACCTCGAAA (Organism A)
Page 51 and 52:
particular set of environmental par
Page 53 and 54:
Lake Maximum Depth (m) Approximate
Page 55 and 56:
Larsemann Hills __ rp3rtrnent of th
Page 57 and 58:
Sampling trips took two days during
Page 59 and 60:
Sigma, Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd.,
Page 61 and 62:
oxidized and the sample then conver
Page 63 and 64:
sample. An appropriate volume was l
Page 65 and 66:
min to ensure complete extension of
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 2.3 - Lane delineation image
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Figure 2.6b - Molecular weights are
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RNA 41F (5'-GCT CAG ATT GAA CGC TGG
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I min. The spin column was removed
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compiled using Seqman and any erron
Page 77 and 78:
ecorded and related to the level of
Page 79 and 80:
information regarding the cold adap
Page 81 and 82:
50ppt to 186ppt. Thirteen were sali
Page 83 and 84:
M N N 't M M \p \p 00 kf) M kf) bA
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as would normally be expected, as b
Page 87 and 88:
1444 6ý L CC vý O Q O O NO u 'c z
Page 89 and 90:
5 - 250 3 245 240 G (, -3 235 a 0-
Page 91 and 92:
3.2.2.2.5 - Dissolved organic carbo
Page 93 and 94:
d 14 12 10 14 12 7 10 8 6 4 2 0 00/
Page 95 and 96:
SRP ('g L- 05 10 15 20 2 3 Depth4 5
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3.2.2.3 - Biological characteristic
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a 0 Bacterial Abundance (x 106 ml-1
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3.3 - Discussion 3.3.1 - Summer sam
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to high surface water temperatures
Page 105 and 106:
chemocline (Rankin et al., 1999). M
Page 107 and 108:
a 250 200 150 100 50 70 60 50 40 ý
Page 109 and 110:
The temperature (Fig 3.2a) through
Page 111 and 112:
et al., 1999). No melt out was obse
Page 113 and 114:
increase in ammonium is probably du
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10 7 9 6 8 E ö 7 5 Co u c m c 40 w
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main pigments were chlorophylls a a
Page 119 and 120:
Inorganic nitrogen (NO2, NO3 and NH
Page 121 and 122:
744 -- 7 644 6 19 ü SE 400-- 4 2s
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salinity decreased from July to Sep
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a Bacterial abundance (x 106 1.1) 0
Page 127 and 128:
8 ö a N Ö oý L _> Q O O 4 0 rn O
Page 129 and 130:
undoubtedly true of Club Lake. The
Page 131 and 132:
suggested that input of bacteria an
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Pendant Lake is an unstratified, sa
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non-AFP active peptides from inhibi
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. ter rý :. 'ý Figure 4.2 -Fryka
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-ý- ---- ,. r. __-_-. ___. r. ýý
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4.2 - Results 4.2.1 - Sampling and
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SPLAT score. It has been shown that
Page 145 and 146:
3'E t ý _d M! .PJ r rn 15 3.5 4 3
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4.3 - Discussion Of the 866 bacteri
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arisen in very few species due to c
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 5: BACTERIAL MOLECULAR TYPI
Page 153 and 154:
Fig 5.1 - Photographs of ARDRA gel
Page 155 and 156:
Coefficient: Dice Algorithm: lPGMAA
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The closest published relative for
Page 159 and 160:
identification was made based on 15
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Isolate number Closest phylogenetic
Page 163 and 164:
e included due to its small sequenc
Page 165 and 166:
5.3.2 - Identification of the AFP a
Page 167 and 168: explains the fluctuation in related
Page 169 and 170: contamination was lower as the PCR
Page 171 and 172: seen to a certain extent in the ARD
Page 173 and 174: American Type Culture Collection (A
Page 175 and 176: Phylogenetic cluster alignment of t
Page 177 and 178: et al., 1994) and the Antarctic SIM
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 6: BACTERIAL COMMUNITY ANAL
Page 181 and 182: 6.2.1 - Detection of AFP active iso
Page 183 and 184: using the same PCR protocol as orig
Page 185 and 186: Figure 6.1 - Denaturing gradient ge
Page 187 and 188: 6.2.2 - Temporal and spatial variat
Page 189 and 190: Figure 6.4c - Gel I image showing b
Page 191 and 192: Coefficient: Dice Algorithm: UPGMA
Page 193 and 194: etween Om and 2m was obviously the
Page 195 and 196: All PCR-based rRNA molecular techni
Page 197 and 198: 6.3.2.3 - Cellular lysis and DNA pu
Page 199 and 200: hybrids should be equal. However, S
Page 201 and 202: contain contaminants. If the profil
Page 203 and 204: (Section 6.3.2.4.3 ) could not be r
Page 205 and 206: most dominant species in the commun
Page 207 and 208: study was characterised as M protea
Page 209 and 210: 11 species) showed AFP activity. Th
Page 211 and 212: that AFP activity could have evolve
Page 213 and 214: 7.2 - Future Work The 19 AFP active
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES ABYZOV, S. S. (1993). Mi
Page 217: BELL, E. M. and LAYBOURN-PARRY, J.
Page 221 and 222: Research. 5,477-493. CLESCERI, L. S
Page 223 and 224: DRICKAMER, K. (1999). C-type lectin
Page 225 and 226: antifreeze proteins from Atlantic s
Page 227 and 228: FRANZMANN, P. D. and DOBSON, S. J.
Page 229 and 230: GRIFFITH, M., ALA, P., YANG. D. S.
Page 231 and 232: IVANOVA, E. P., KIPRIANOVA, E. A.,
Page 233 and 234: Antarctic Ecosystems. G. A. Llano (
Page 235 and 236: Howard-Williams and I. Hawes). Balk
Page 237 and 238: W. (1998). Rep-PCR-mediated genomic
Page 239 and 240: putida strains from Antarctica. Mic
Page 241 and 242: NICHOLS, D., BOWMAN, J., SANDERSON,
Page 243 and 244: PEARCE, D. A. and BUTLER, H. G. (20
Page 245 and 246: (1999). Palaeohydrological modellin
Page 247 and 248: tracers of biogeochemical processes
Page 249 and 250: R. G. Landes Company, Austin, Texas
Page 251 and 252: partial 16S rDNA sequencing. Applie
Page 253 and 254: YABUUCHI, E., WANG, L., ARAKAWA, M.
Page 255 and 256: APPENDICES Al. Media Tryptic Soya A
Page 257 and 258: "D C 'O I. .. r .. r 6 rr E , 4mo .
Page 259 and 260: . + + + I I I I I I + I + + I I I I
Page 261 and 262: Ö ON N M 1 O - N 'zt "o l'" 00 C N
Page 263 and 264: 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Page 265 and 266: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Page 267 and 268: 1 1 1 1 I 1 + I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I
Page 269 and 270:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I T I
Page 271 and 272:
Cl M 'tt tn '. p t- 00 O\ N M O - (
Page 273 and 274:
d' O - (N M 'nt V) \O N. 00 O> N M
Page 275 and 276:
1 1 T 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Page 277 and 278:
+ + i i i i i i " i " . + + + + " +
Page 279 and 280:
e O --ý N M t Vn 1,0 [-- 00 O> N M
Page 281 and 282:
FT ce + I I r. to \, O t- 00 O\ N M
Page 283 and 284:
kn 110 r- 00 Oý N M O - N M Itt vn
Page 285 and 286:
, It N M "t N M Iýt N M M M M Oý
Page 287 and 288:
gj a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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