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Baker C. and Prys Jones, S. (1998) “Mother tongue,” in Encyclopaedia of Bilingual Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Baulch, B., Truong, T.K.C., Haughton, D. and Haughton, J. (2002) “Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam: A Socioeconomic Perspective.” Policy Research Working Paper 2836. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Development Research Group, Macroeconomics and Growth. Benson, C.J. (2001) Final Report on Bilingual Education. Results of the external evaluation of the Experiment in Bilingual Schooling in Mozambique (PEBIMO) and some results from bilingual adult literacy experimentation. New Education Division Document 8. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Benson, C.J. (2002) “Real and Potential Benefits of Bilingual Programmes in Developing Countries,” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 5(6), 303-317. Benson, C.J. (2003) Mother tongue-based bilingual education: What, why and how A paper presented at Informal Consultation on Ethnic Minority Language Issues and Challenges. Vientiane, Lao PDR, 31 st October 2003. Vientiane: UNICEF. Blachford, D.R. (1997) “Bilingual education in China.” In J. Cummins & D. Corson, (eds.) Encyclopaedia of Language and Education, Vol. 5. Bilingual Education. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 157-166. Bradley, D., Bradley, M. & Li, Y. (1999) Language Maintenance for Endangered Languages of Central Yunnan, China. In N. Ostler (ed.) Endangered Languages and Education. Proceedings of the Third FEL Conference. Bath: Foundation of Endangered Languages, 13-20. Bratt Paulston, C. (1994) Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Brock-Utne, B. and Holmarsdottir, H. (2004) “Language policies and practices in Tanzania and South Africa: Problems and challenges,” International Journal of Educational Development. Vol. 24(1), 67-83. Bui Khanh, T. (2003) “Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Vietnam,” a paper presented at the Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Asia, 6-8 November 2003, Bangkok, Thailand. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parrallel_papers/bui_khanh_thea.pdf CAL. (2001) Expanding Educational Opportunity in Linguistically Diverse Societies. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. CARE International Cambodia. (2004) “Cambodia: Highland Children’s Education Project (HCEP), Ratanakiri Province,” in L. King & S. Schielmann (eds.) The Challenge of Indigenous Education: Practice and Perspectives. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 113-122. Cenoz, J. & Genesee, F. (eds.). (1998) Beyond Bilingualism: Multilingualism and Multilingual Education. Multilingual Matters 110. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 120
Chazée, L. (1999) The Peoples of Laos: Rural and Ethnic Diversities. Bangkok: White Lotus. Chey Chap, In The, and Thomas A. (2003) “Bilingual Education in Cambodia,” a paper presented at the Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Asia. 6-8 November 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parrallel_papers/he_chey_chap.pdf Cheesman, N. (2003) “School, State and Sangha in Burma” Comparative Education 39(1), 45-63. Cobbey, H. (2003) “Multilingual Education among the Dong People,” a paper presented at the Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Asia. 6-8 November 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. Cooper, R.L. (1989) Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coulmas, F. (1989) The Writing Systems of the World. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Crystal, D. (2002) Language Death. CANTO edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cummins, J. (2000) Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Dalby, A. (2000) Language in Danger. London: Penguin. Dardjowidjojo, S. (1998) “Strategies for a Successful National Language Policy: The Indonesian Case,” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 130, 35-47. Dekker, D. and Dumatog, R. (2003) “First Language Education in Lubuagan, Kalinga, Northern Philippines,” A paper presented at the Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Asia. 6-8 November 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parrallel_papers/ dumatog_and_dekker.pdf Deumert, A. (2001) “Language Planning: Models,” in R. Mesthrie (ed.) Concise Encyclopaedia of Sociolinguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 644-647. Dutcher, N. and Tucker, G.R. (1996) “The Use of First and Second Languages in Education,” Pacific Islands Discussion Paper, 1, East Asia and Pacific Region. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Education for All, Myanmar. (1999) “Union of Myanmar: Education for All (EFA), the Year 2000 Assessment,” draft report. Yangon: Ministry of Education. Escott, J. (2000) “Minority Education in Cambodia: The Case of the Khmer Loeu,” Intercultural Education. 11(3), 239-251. Fishman, J.A. (1991) Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 121
Page 1 and 2: Myanmar More than 100 languages are
Page 3 and 4: efforts by non-governmental organiz
Page 5 and 6: tongue. Regional LWCs, as well as l
Page 7 and 8: Singapore More than 20 languages ar
Page 9 and 10: and Dong instruction continues thro
Page 11 and 12: Notes to Table 1: 1 ‘Local langua
Page 13 and 14: Table 3 uses the same data as the f
Page 15 and 16: Linguistic Diversity in South-East
Page 17 and 18: determined in successful programmes
Page 19: Acknowledgements Many thanks to the
Page 23 and 24: Hornberger, N.H. and López, L.E. (
Page 25 and 26: Leclerc, J. (2004c) “Cambodge,”
Page 27 and 28: Nagai, Y. (2001) “Vernacular Educ
Page 29 and 30: Schliesinger, J. (1998) Hill Tribes
Page 31 and 32: UNESCO. (1953) The Use of Vernacula
Page 33 and 34: APPENDIX 1 Essential Concepts Used
Page 35 and 36: COUNTRY REPORTS Synthesis of Report
Page 37 and 38: Community consultation and decision
Page 39 and 40: a significant number of minority gr
Page 41 and 42: Representation in elected bodies Ea
Page 43 and 44: e able to absorb much more of the r
Page 45 and 46: • Explore the viability of the pr
Page 47 and 48: Contact with local stakeholders The
Page 49 and 50: Major Project Activities Staff Recr
Page 51 and 52: Present Status of the Action Resear
Page 53 and 54: China Bilingual Literacy Project fo
Page 55 and 56: population distribution, economic d
Page 57 and 58: Based on the results of field surve
Page 59 and 60: The target communities and their la
Page 61 and 62: have difficulties when they use Chi
Page 63 and 64: - learners will be able to read sim
Page 65 and 66: For both communities, the director
Page 67 and 68: 9. Challenges and Strategies for th
Page 69 and 70: ix) Environment: The pressure on th
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 1. Background of Project Sit
Page 73 and 74:
upgraded into a district, and North
Page 75 and 76:
literacy, this project was targeted
Page 77 and 78:
manuscripts on various issues. The
Page 79 and 80:
Bilingual materials were produced (
Page 81 and 82:
Policy and expansion of the project
Page 83 and 84:
• Establishment/strengthening of
Page 85 and 86:
• Programme implementers must str
Page 87 and 88:
Health and Personal Hygiene: Malari
Page 89 and 90:
- Waste management - Caring for wat
Page 91 and 92:
presentation of the materials. This
Page 93 and 94:
Comments HALAMANG GAMOT • The mod
Page 95 and 96:
The following are among the challen
Page 97 and 98:
Thai people so that they will be ab
Page 99 and 100:
2002 statistics from the Ministry o
Page 101 and 102:
King - which was operating in 18 pr
Page 103 and 104:
Concerning strengths, the following
Page 105 and 106:
Background information on the proje
Page 107 and 108:
Pwo Karen. Three NFE Pwo Karen teac
Page 109 and 110:
Process of a Writer Workshop The ou
Page 111 and 112:
youth should be encouraged to work
Page 113 and 114:
Distribution: Limited UNESCO-APPEAL
Page 115 and 116:
1645-1715 Orientation to the Field
Page 117 and 118:
Distribution: Limited UNESCO-APPEAL
Page 119 and 120:
No. Country Name Position, Organiza
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