Taylor - Theoretic Arithmetic.pdf - Platonic Philosophy

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consequent order, these even numbers will be double of all the even and odd numbers from unity, that follow eacli other, and this ad infinitum. For let this natural series of numbers be given, viz. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. If therefore, in this series, the first even number is assumed, i.e. 2, it will be the double of the first, i.e. of unity. But i£ the following even number 4 is assumed, it will be the double of the second, i.e. of 2. If the third even number 6 is assumed, it will be the double of the third number in the natural series, i.e. of 3. But if the fourth even number is assumed, i.e. 8, it will be the double of the fourth number 4. And the same thing will take place without any impediment in the rest of the series ad infinitum. Triple numbers also are produced, if in the same natural series two terms are always omitted, and those posterior to the two are compared to the natural number, 3 being excepted, which as it is triple of unity passes over 2 alone. After 1 and 2 therefore, 3 follows which is triple of 1. Again, 6 is immediately after 4 and 5, and is tripie of the second number 2. The number 9 follows 7 and 8, and is triple of the third number 3. And the like will take place ad infinitum. But the generation of quadruple numbers begins by the omission of 3 terms. Thus after 1. 2. and 3, follows 4, which is quadruple of the first term 1. Again, by omitting 5, 6, and 7, the number 8, which is the fourth following term, is quadruple of the second term 2. And after 8, by omitting the three terms 9, 10, and 11, the following number 12, is quadruple of the third term 3. This also must necessarily be the case in a progression to infinity: and if the addition always increases by the omission of one term, different multiple numbers will present themselves to the view in admirable order. For by the omission of four terms a quintuple multiple, of five a sextuple, of six a septuple, of seven an octuple, and so on, will be pro-
duced, the name of the multiple being always one more than that of the terms which are omitted. And all the double terms indeed are always even. But of the triple terms, one is always found to be odd, and another even. Again, the quadruple terms always preserve an even quantity; and they are formed from the fourth number, one of the prior even numbers being omitted in order; first the even number 2; then 6 being omitted, 8 follows as the next quadruple term; and after 8, the quadruple number 12 follows, the even number 10 being omitted. And so on in the rest. But the quintuple resembles the triple multiple; for in this the even and odd terms have an alternate arrangement. CHAPTER XVIII. On the superpartictllar nrcm ber, its species, and the generation of them, etc. W ~ N one number contains the whole of another in itself, and some part of it besides, it is called superparticular. And if the part of the less which it contains is the half, it is called sesquialter; if the third part, sesquitertian; if the fourth, sesquiquartan; if the fifth, sesquiquintan. And the like names being employed to infinity, the form of superparticular numbers will also proceed infinitely. And the greater numbers, indeed, are thus denominated. But of the less, the wholes of which are contained in the greater, and a certain part of them besides ; one is called subsesquialter ; another subsesquitertian ; another subsesquiquartan; another subsesquiquintan; and so on according to the rule and multitude of the greater numbers. The greater numbers also are called leaders, but the less attendants. Of superparticular numbers likewise, the multitude is infinite; because the progression of their species is boundless.
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THEORETIC ARITHMETIC IN THREE BOOKS
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IV INTRODUCTION the mathematical di
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INTRODUCTION works, like the remain
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VIII INTRODUCTION fore, that the so
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INTRODUCTION the other of such as a
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XII INTRODUCTION must her inherent
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XIV INTRODUCTION principles existin
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XVI INTRODUCTION indissoluble perma
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XVIII INTRODUCTION mathematics to p
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XX INTRODUCTION utility it administ
Page 22 and 23: XXII INTRODUCTION may not energize
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION tradition, however, of
Page 26 and 27: XXVI INTRODUCTION Nicomachus, which
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION perplexity, and that h
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION ever, requisite that w
Page 32 and 33: XXXII INTRODUCTION that he is ignor
Page 34 and 35: XXXIV INTRODUCTION tirely the prais
Page 37 and 38: THEORETIC ARITHMETIC BOOK ONE CHAPT
Page 39 and 40: that all motion is after rest, and
Page 41 and 42: since it is not possible for divisi
Page 43 and 44: dle. And these indeed are the commo
Page 45 and 46: monad is either even or odd. It can
Page 47 and 48: is denominated the evenly-odd, and
Page 49 and 50: terms should accord with its proper
Page 51 and 52: ural order, 1.3.5.7.9.11.13.15.17.
Page 53 and 54: agreeably to the form of the evenly
Page 55 and 56: 12, 20, and 28, the sum of the extr
Page 57 and 58: numbers proceeding from them are re
Page 59 and 60: THE generation however and origin o
Page 61 and 62: ever will give the mode of measurin
Page 63: THE SIEVE OF ERATOSTHENES. Here 7 m
Page 66 and 67: pass the sum of the whole number, i
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER XV. On the generation of th
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER XVI. On relative quantity,
Page 74 and 75: For the sesquialter has for its lea
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER XIX. That the multiple is m
Page 78 and 79: which 4 is, is compared with the ro
Page 80 and 81: number besides containing the whole
Page 82 and 83: superquadripartient, may likewise b
Page 84 and 85: to them, duple sesquiquartan ratios
Page 86 and 87: the impression of itself, defines a
Page 88 and 89: If, however, the multiples which ar
Page 90 and 91: tan, the superquadripartient ratio
Page 93 and 94: BOOK TWO CHAPTER I. How all inequal
Page 95 and 96: BOOK Two 57 reduced to equality. Fo
Page 97 and 98: BOOK Two 59 alters as much distant
Page 99 and 100: BOOK Two 61 ratio is composed from
Page 101 and 102: BOOK Two CHAPTER IV. On the qztanti
Page 103 and 104: BOOK Two 65 distended by a triple d
Page 105 and 106: These triangular numbers are genera
Page 107 and 108: BOOK Two 69 But in these numbers al
Page 109 and 110: BOOK Two 71 triangle of a class imm
Page 111 and 112: BOOK Two 73 22 is formed from the s
Page 113 and 114: BOOK Two 75 third, a pentagonal; th
Page 115 and 116: Two does not only not arrive at uni
Page 117 and 118: BOOK Two 79 to have four angles and
Page 119 and 120: BOOK Two 81 parity. Hence, in conse
Page 121 and 122: BOOK Two 83 the principles of thing
Page 123 and 124:
BOOK Two 85 from the monad, are sai
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pared with the first number longer
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BOOK Two 89 and twice 16, has for i
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atios. Let them, therefore, be alte
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BOOK Two 93 ity. For 1 is the whole
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BOOK Two 95 ticipate of an immutabl
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BOOK Two 97 are opposite to those a
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BOOK Two is equal to the sum of the
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BOOK Two 101 will be the same multi
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BOOK Two 103 terms there is a great
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BOOK Two 105 from 8, and one side f
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BOOK Two 107 by the greater, by the
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BOOK Two 109 tertian ratio, or that
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BOOK Two 111 ratio, arises from a c
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BOOK Two 113 to 10 is a quadruple r
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BOOK Two 115 For here the greatest
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BOOK Two 117 by length, breadth, an
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BOOK Two The greatest harmonies. Pr
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BOOK Two 121 which is 18416, we mus
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BOOK Two former diameter, exceeds i
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BOOK Two In the geometrical fractio
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BOOK Two The parts of 51=17)
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BOOK Two 129 In the second place, i
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BOOK Two them; (see Chap. 15, Book
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BOOK Two 133 of this series into th
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Here it is evident in the first ins
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Farther still, if 2 be subtracted f
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24575, and 301989887. And the two i
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In like manner if 9437056 be divide
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These numbers are as follows: In th
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That the reader may see the truth o
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all perfectly as well as all imperf
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parts of these wholes have sometime
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these, and are called by modern mat
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The numbers, therefore, that form 1
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with each other, it will be found,
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PYTHAGORAS
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ples of these; referring the point
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If it be requisite, however, to spe
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the image of the never-failing and
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that they are separate, they are no
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27, but they signify through these
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dissimilarly similar to divinity. I
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anonymous author, in consequence of
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It is also Justice, and Isis, Natur
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adytum of god-nourished silence, as
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called Cupid for the reason above a
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the diapente, and the diatessaron.
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$Fin of natural effects. Because li
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er is not alone even, nor alone odd
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the vegetative life. And the seed i
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and beauty. And in external things,
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which are productive of life after
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one side, and 1 on the other, each
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The same writer also observes, "tha
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position; for I conjecture this to
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~ c ~ ~ ~ Or ~ Q rather, ~ v . whic
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The ratio of 12 to 9 is sesquiterti
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monad. Thus if from each of the num
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had these appellations in consequen
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and well-ordered digression (from t
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unity is added to the product, the
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And so of the rest, which abundantl
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Again, of any two numbers whatever,
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Again, if 4 multiplies any triangul
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With respect to the hexad, it is th
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and the double of it 12, the number
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incorporeal and corporeal essence;
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of the hebdomad 3 and 4 necessarily
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composition of which the hebomad is
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it is also surpassed by the last nu
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excite the glad husbandmen to the c
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mentioned particulars, but also to
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7X 1 and +1= 8 the 2nd 7 x 8 and +
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8X 1 and +1= 9 the 2ndl 8X 7and +1=
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10X 1 and +1= 11 the 2ndl i' 10x30
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tureX according to this number. In
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through a good allotment, or throug
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titude, and communion with itself,
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evenlyeven numbers, and for not dis
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ing this table from the Epanthematc
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for instance, 12 is a number longer
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