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Wireless Network Design: Optimization Models and Solution ...

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Contents ix<br />

5.4.1 The Nearest Available Tower Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<br />

5.4.2 R<strong>and</strong>omized Greedy Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />

5.4.3 Improving Branch-<strong>and</strong>-Bound Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />

5.4.4 Dealing with Numerical Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br />

5.4.5 Reducing Problem Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122<br />

6 <strong>Optimization</strong> Based WLAN Modeling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Design</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127<br />

Jeff Kennington, Jason Kratz, <strong>and</strong> Gheorghe Spiride<br />

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128<br />

6.2 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />

6.2.1 Site Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />

6.2.2 Coverage <strong>Models</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />

6.2.3 Channel Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<br />

6.2.4 Access Point Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />

6.2.5 Proprietary <strong>Design</strong> Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />

6.2.6 Current State-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />

6.3 A Maximimum Capacity-Oriented Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />

6.3.1 <strong>Solution</strong> Techniques for the Capacity-Oriented Model . . . 140<br />

6.3.2 Empirical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />

6.4 Summary <strong>and</strong> Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145<br />

7 Spectrum Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />

Karla Hoffman<br />

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />

7.2 Some Auction Terms <strong>and</strong> Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />

7.3 The First Spectrum Auction: The New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Experiment . . . . . . 152<br />

7.4 Evolution of the US Simultaneous Ascending Auction (SAA)<br />

<strong>Design</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153<br />

7.5 Combinatorial Auction <strong>Design</strong>s <strong>and</strong> their Use for Spectrum<br />

Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160<br />

7.5.1 Sealed-bid Combinatorial <strong>Design</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />

7.5.2 Two Combinatorial Ascending Auction <strong>Design</strong>s . . . . . . . . 165<br />

7.6 The Need for Bidder-aide Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172<br />

7.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />

8 The <strong>Design</strong> of Partially Survivable <strong>Network</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />

Syam Menon<br />

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br />

8.2 The Single Period Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179<br />

8.2.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179<br />

8.2.2 Reduction to a Binary Knapsack Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />

8.3 The Multi-period Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />

8.3.1 Problem Description <strong>and</strong> Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

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