Wireless Network Design: Optimization Models and Solution ...

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Chapter 9 Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Khaldoun Al Agha and Steven Martin Abstract Ad hoc networks were created to provide communication between peers without any network infrastructure. They could help in a hostile environment for military and rescue entities, and also for commercial applications such as gaming or facilities for networking. To improve the provided services on those networks, many quality of service (QoS) frameworks have been proposed to improve the performance of ad hoc networks, and to offer many possibilities for important applications to use priorities, admission control, or quasi guarantees. The dynamicity of ad hoc networks introduces complexity for such QoS schemes. In this chapter, we offer a summary of all existing ad hoc protocols at different levels of the network architecture and the proposed QoS frameworks. 9.1 Ad Hoc Networks In a wireless network, a node can successfully communicate with nodes within its transmission range. Nodes outside this range, but close enough to detect the signal, are in the carrier sensing range. In a wireless ad hoc network, no infrastructure or centralized administration is needed to establish or manage data exchanges. Such a network is formed dynamically and nodes organize themselves. The main restriction of an ad hoc network is its area, since any node has to be within the transmission range of any other node it communicates with. To extend the area of the network, that is to say to enable communication between two distant nodes, intermediate nodes must relay messages. This is the characterization of a wireless multi-hop ad hoc network. Moreover, nodes are free to move independently and in any direction. Khaldoun Al Agha LRI, Bâtiment 490, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France, e-mail: alagha@lri.fr Steven Martin LRI, Bâtiment 490, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France, e-mail: smartin@lri.fr J. Kennington et al. (eds.), Wireless Network Design: Optimization Models and Solution Procedures, International Series in Operations Research and Management Science 158, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6111-2_9, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 199
200 Khaldoun Al Agha and Steven Martin Thus, delivering packets to a specific destination becomes a complex task due to frequent and unpredictable topology changes. The development of wireless ad hoc networks was initially motivated by military applications, but nowadays, these networks are involved in many civil applications. Therefore, these networks have to offer differentiated services, according to the application’s requirements. This also implies admission control mechanisms. All these topics have constituted hot research issues for the last decade. Obviously, solutions leading to single-hop and multi-hop ad hoc networks are complex. They are all the more complex when considering specific problems such as connectivity, security, quality of service, energy consumption, and routing optimization. Indeed, not only do ad hoc networks inherit the classical problems of wireless networks (e.g. air medium propagation, unreliability, and hidden nodes), but also generate new problems and complexities (e.g. autonomy, lack of infrastructure, dynamicity, and scalability). The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows. First, in Section 9.2, we present routing issues, the constraints to take into account and the characteristics of routing protocols. Then, we describe in Section 9.3 the two main link layer solutions which enable single-hop ad hoc networks: the IEEE 802.11 standard and the Bluetooth specification. In Section 9.4, the existing ad hoc routing protocols are presented: ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), optimized link state routing (OLSR), and topology broadcast based on reverse path forwarding (TBRPF). Finally, in Section 9.5 we present several methods that provide quality of service (QoS) in mobile ad hoc networks: flexible QoS model for MANETs (FQMM), core extraction distributed ad hoc routing (CEDAR), ticket based probing (TBP), INSIGNIA, stateless wireless ad hoc network (SWAN), and QoS for OLSR (QOLSR). Section 9.6 concludes the chapter. 9.2 What is Routing? The main idea of an ad hoc network is that each wireless node can communicate directly with any other wireless node, without the use of any existing network infrastructure. Thus, the architecture is totally decentralized. Such networks are limited by the fact that each wireless node has to be within the transmission range of all the others; this leads to small networks as illustrated in Figure 9.1. The main problems in ad hoc networks are how to transmit in, and share ,the air medium. There exist two major link layer technologies used in ad hoc networks: the IEEE 802.11 standard and the Bluetooth specifications (see Section 9.3). The architecture of an ad hoc network applies to small networks, due to the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces. As shown in Figure 9.1, extending connectivity to a larger area requires a multi-hop ad hoc network architecture in which each node assumes the role of a router and relays packets toward their final destinations. Thus, network nodes cooperate to forward packets for each other
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International Series in Operations
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Editors Jeff Kennington Eli Olinick
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vi Preface assistance. The work of
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viii Contents 3.4.1 Experiments to
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x Contents 8.3.2 The Solution Proce
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xii Contents References . . . . . .
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List of Contributors Khaldoun Al Ag
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List of Contributors xvii Nitin Sal
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Optimizat
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1 Introduction to Optimization in W
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1 Introduction to Optimization in W
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Part I Background
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10 Dinesh Rajan The goal of this ch
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12 Dinesh Rajan The source encoder
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14 Dinesh Rajan ping (FH) CDMA, and
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16 Dinesh Rajan of SNR is given in
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18 Dinesh Rajan 2.3 Information The
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20 Dinesh Rajan Perror ≤ e −nE
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22 Dinesh Rajan For instance, for t
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24 Dinesh Rajan 2.4.1 Block Codes I
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26 Dinesh Rajan B(z) = 1 � (1 + z
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30 Dinesh Rajan nel can support a p
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32 Dinesh Rajan 2.5.2 Physical laye
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38 Dinesh Rajan a length N Inverse
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40 Dinesh Rajan the transmission of
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48 K. V. S. Hari terrain of operati
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54 K. V. S. Hari Fig. 3.1 Normalize
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56 K. V. S. Hari Table 3.3 Impulse
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Part II Optimization Problems for N
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Chapter 6 Optimization Based WLAN M
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6 Optimization Based WLAN Modeling
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Chapter 7 Spectrum Auctions Karla H
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Chapter 12 Simulation-Based Methods
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15 Major Trends in Cellular Network
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