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PETER K. L. NG & DARREN C. J. YEO (2007)<br />
some 1,500 km 2 . However, while the area it is known from appears to be relatively extensive,<br />
it must be noted that the distribution consists of many pockets of populations, and this species<br />
is known to show the greatest variation among the Johora species, facts that point to it probably<br />
being a species complex (Ng 1988). Another probable species complex is the troglophilic<br />
crab, Stygothelphusa bidiensis, which has an unlikely distribution of two disjunct cave systems<br />
in Sarawak (Bau and Gua Serian). The available evidence suggests that the populations in the<br />
two cave systems actually belong to two separate species (unpublished data). The same situation<br />
is true of Lepidothelphusa cognetti, which occurs in the sandstone streams of Bau and Penrissen.<br />
Another point to consider is that for freshwater crabs in developing countries, the line separating<br />
a vulnerable or endangered species is a very fine one. This is mainly because of the very<br />
restricted distributions of many species and the speed of development projects; the time lapse<br />
between project conception and implementation, even for large scale ones, can be as short as<br />
a year.<br />
Using Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore as an example, 42 species of potamids and<br />
parathelphusids are known at present. All the potamids (27 taxa) are found only in Peninsular<br />
Malaysia and Singapore. Of the 15 parathelphusids, 10 are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia<br />
and Singapore, the other five species also occurring in Sumatra or southern Thailand. The<br />
endemic taxa are almost always highland species, or occur on isolated islands. The conservation<br />
of this remarkable diversity is imperative (see also Ng 1988). There is thus, more than ever, a<br />
need to establish more nature reserves and national parks. And careful planning, co-ordination<br />
and supervision to minimise its destructive effects must temper development, inevitable though<br />
it may be. At the same time, other broader, long term issues, those of water-shed conservation,<br />
sufficient size of protected areas, and forest conditions (primary or secondary or disturbed)<br />
must be given due consideration. Such matters if dealt with properly would not just be for the<br />
benefit of freshwater crab diversity, but for the overall ecosystem as well.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
The authors thank the organisers of the workshop for inviting this paper from them, in particular,<br />
Saw Leng Guan, the chair of the organising committee.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
BAHIR, M.M., NG, P.K.L., CRANDALL, K. & PETHIYAGODA, R. 2005. A conservation<br />
assessment of the freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement<br />
12: 121–126.<br />
CRANBROOK, EARL OF, & FURTADO, J.L. 1988. Freshwaters–Decapod Crustacea. Pp.<br />
225–250 in Earl of Cranbrook (ed.) Key Environments: Malaysia. Pergamon Press, Oxford.<br />
IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), 2001. The<br />
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2001 Categories & Criteria. Version 3.1. http://<br />
www.redlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001.html [accessed 01.01.2004].<br />
NG, P.K.L. 1988. The Freshwater Crabs of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Department<br />
of Zoology, National University of Singapore. Shinglee Press, Singapore.<br />
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