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LEE et al (2007) as the resources available for conservation programs are limited, it is unrealistic simply to recommend in situ conservation area “as large as possible”. In practice, the size of a conservation area, rather than the number of trees, is often dictated by the relative concentration of people and the suitability of the land for human exploitation (agriculture, urbanization, logging, etc). Therefore, for S. lumutensis, conserving an area no less than 100 ha with at least of 300 individuals >10 cm dbh (including 60 reproductive trees >30 cm dbh) in each population will be sufficient to maintain maximum levels of genetic diversity to withstand loss of genetic variability due to drift and should be enough to contain the minimum number of reproductive individuals to prevent inbreeding. The areas should be demarcated within the Compartments where S. lumutensis is found, such as Compartment 5 of Sungai Pinang (N 04º14’32”; E 100º33’33”), Compartments 1 and 2 of Pangkor Selatan (N 04º12’19”; E 100º34’23”), Compartment 5 of Teluk Muroh (N 04º11’13”; E 100º37’47”), Compartment 3 of Lumut (N 04º13’38”; E 100º38’26”), and Compartments 41 and 42 of Segari Melintang (N 04º22’36”; E 100º37’13”) (Fig. 7). Extensive surveys should be carried immediately to enumerate, measure and tag the individuals within these compartments. The survey should be extended to other compartments if the criterion of conserving 300 individuals cannot be fulfilled. The criterion of at least 100 ha should always be satisfied even when the number of individuals exceeds 300. There is a possibility that the number of individuals is less than 300 in Pangkor Selatan; than the population might require re-introduction to increase its size and gene pool. For each population of S. lumutensis, the conservation area to be established should have a central core area, surrounded by a buffer zone and perpheral to this, a transition zone (Fig. 7). Laidlaw (1994) and Lee et al. (2002) have shown that there is a higher occurrence of deleterious effects on reserves that are situated at the edge of a forest reserve. The presence of a buffer zone will protect the core from edge effects and other factors that might threaten the population viability of S. lumutensis present in the core. The transition zone, however, may be made available for sustainable harvesting activities. To ensure these conservation areas are fully protected, legal provisions must be in place at the State level. The establishment of in situ conservation areas will not only conserve S. lumutensis, but also help to conserve the forest ecosystem and other important, but non-targeted species, such as tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia, Simaroubaceae) in Sungai Pinang. Monitoring and Management In situ conservation Area Monitoring is a quantitative assessment of the status of a population and its component individuals over time (Tuxill & Nabhan 2001). Monitoring is important both before and after legal protection of in situ conservation areas. Before protection, monitoring gives a basis for prediction and allows a critical situation to be identified. During protection, monitoring indicates the effectiveness of protected areas in preserving and enhancing the species they contain. Once the conservation areas are demarcated, the areas shall be monitored at frequent intervals to note disturbances or encroachments. Habitat protection from anthropogenic catastrophes represents the first and the most important measure for the existence of the species in a natural habitat. Phenological observations can be initiated during this process to check the reproductive status and to enable seed collections. 283
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES OF SHOREA LUMUTENSIS (DIPTEROCARPACEAE) IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Segari Melintang Tanjung Hantu Conservation area design Core Pangkor Utara Buffer zone Transition zone Sungai Pinang Lumut Pangkor Selatan Teluk Muroh Fig. 7. Proposed in situ conservation areas (compartments highlighted in black) and model for reserve design (inset) of S. lumutensis. Compartments where the survey was conducted are highlighted in grey. The species is not present in Pangkor Utara and Tanjung Hantu. 284
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Status of Biological Diversity in M
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1. Cucurlionidae. Photo courtesy Sh
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RESEARCH ON THE DIVERSITY OF MOTHS
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AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON BEETLE D
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THE STATUS OF RESEARCH ON HYMENOPTE
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Family Siphonocladaceae Boergesenia
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Caulerpa peltata Lamouroux [Syn: Ca
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Family Liagoraceae Liagora ceranoid
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Order Hildenbrandiales Family Hilde
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Family Lomentariaceae Lomentaria gr
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Laurencia caduciramulosa Masuda et
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Sargassum swartzii C. Agardh W C Sa
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