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G.W.H. DAVISON & ZUBAID AKBAR (2007) genetics and behaviour. ‘Official’ lists of taxa will be supported if they prove useful, which means they must be flexible, accessible, and based on a broad range of taxonomists’ views. A database of what has been done could be useful, but a database of scientists can only provide a minimum list. It cannot include every individual with an interest in mammals who is potentially a contributor to knowledge, and it is not very clear who would use a list of scientists, since each scientist should know all others within his or her research field. Possibly databases should be in the form of bibliographies and library resources, rather than lists of projects or individuals. Library resources would be useful to everyone, and bibliographies are in themselves databases about which researchers are active on what topics. Better information flow should encourage the standardisation of field methods. There was a period in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that small-mammal trapping techniques were becoming well standardized (groups of three traps at 30 or 50 m intervals, one on the ground, one on a log, one in a tree). In the 1970s and 1980s similar uniformity was developed for census walks for primates and squirrels. This facilitated comparison between studies, and encouraged quantification. The use of mistnets, harp traps, radio telemetry and other techniques also require standardization. The limited funding needs to be targetted – but how to target? Rather than judging taxonomic projects on their potential for commercial application, it might be possible to assign funds to improving equipment capabilities / techniques, e.g. investment in electron microscopy, facilities for DNA analysis, and cryopreservation of tissues. Such facilities could be used by many scientists, and would enable them to compete in the international science arena. Funding for postgraduate research would encourage intensive research on single topics for several years, which is the route to in-depth understanding and international publications. Investment is needed in developing career structures and training for taxonomy. Investment is also required in conservation management training, to ensure that the diversity of mammals persists. A natural history museum, like tissue banks, will probably be effective only if collections are targeted. It must not be an excuse for indiscriminate collecting, but it could be a boon when populations of plants and animals are doomed by land conversion. Sharing on-line specimen data between museums, just as botanists have BRAHMS (Botanical Research and Herbarium Management System), is sorely needed. Collecting specimens of all Malaysian mammals will not resolve all questions, because comparison is necessary, often with extra-limital material. On-site work such as that by Kingston et al. (2001) can only reveal a new species by a combination of field and lab work. Taxonomic work by Kawada et al. (2003), Meijaard & Groves (2004), Gorog et al. (2004) and Olson et al. (2004) continues to show that regional comparisons are needed. Even name changes (e.g., Tragulus javanicus back to T. kanchil; Talpa micrura to Talpa klossii to Euroscaptor micrura) are not just name changes, but result from splits within wider populations, over broad geographical areas. Malaysian taxonomists cannot afford to specialize in taxonomy within Malaysia’s borders, but need the ambition, academic friendships and access to regional research material that will enable them to place Malaysia’s mammals in a regional and international context. For example, the species status of Tupaia glis cannot be resolved without access to Thai, Burmese and Chinese T. berlangeri. The subspecies status of orang-utans in Sarawak and Sabah, and the viability of their populations, cannot be judged without reference to those in Kalimantan. The Red List status of Rhinolophus creaghi cannot be reliably decided until it is known that it also occurs in Palawan. Taxonomy needs a regional approach, sometimes even a global approach, and this means that international collaborations 15
THE STATUS OF MAMMALIAN BIODIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA with colleagues and institutions elsewhere are essential. Museum collections in other countries will still be essential points of reference, even if large series of all Malaysian taxa are available within Malaysia. Malaysian mammalogists need to participate in revision of the IUCN Red Lists. The current list includes Macaca fascicularis and Coelops robinsoni as both Lower Risk/near-threatened (LR/nt). It includes Pipistrellus cuprosus and Bos gaurus as both Vulnerable. Such contrasts make it clear that defining rigid one-word categories of status are just a first step. Much more crucial is the collection of information on their population biology and their response to pressures, because the conservation methodologies to be applied will be drastically different in each case. REFERENCES ABDULLAH, M.T., JUB, N. & JALAWEH, N. 2003. First record of Hipposideros ater in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal 79: 271–274. ANDERSON, J.A.R., CRANBROOK, EARL OF, & JERMY, C.A. 1979. Management Plan for Gunung Mulu National Park. Sarawak Forestry Department and Royal Geographical Society. AZLAN, J.M. & SHARMA, D.S.K. 2003. Camera trapping the Indochinese tiger, Panthera tigris corbetti, in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 51(2): 421–428. BANKS, E. 1951. Obituary: Cecil Boden Kloss. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 23: 336– 346. BARRETT, E.B.M. 1984. The ecology of some nocturnal mammals in the rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge. BENNETT, E.L. 1991. Diurnal primates. Pp. 150–172. In: Kiew, R. (ed.), The State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. BRANDON-JONES, D. 1984. Colobus and leaf monkeys. Pp. 398–408. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Vol. 1. Allen & Unwin, London. CHASEN, F.N. 1940. A handlist of Malaysian mammals. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 15: xx + 209. CHASEN, F.N. & KLOSS, C.B. 1931. On a collection of mammals from the lowlands and islands of North Borneo. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 6: 1–82. CHIVERS, D.J. 1981. Malayan Forest Primates. Pergamon Press, Oxford. CORBET, G.B. & HILL, J.E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. DAVIES, A.G. & PAYNE, J.B. 1982. A Faunal Survey of Sabah. WWF Malaysia and Game Branch, Sabah Forestry Department. DAVIS, D.D. 1962. Mammals of the lowland rain-forest of North Borneo. Bulletin of National Museum, Singapore 31: 1–130. DAVISON, G.W.H. 1984. New records of Peninsular Malayan and Thai shrews. Malayan Nature Journal 36: 211–215. DAYRAT, B. 2005. Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 407–415. DIONG, C.H. 1973. Studies of the Malayan wild pig in Perak and Johor. Malayan Nature Journal 26: 120–151. EMMONS, L.H. 2000. Tupai: a field study of Bornean treeshrews. University of California 16
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1. Cucurlionidae. Photo courtesy Sh
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RESEARCH ON THE DIVERSITY OF MOTHS
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AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON BEETLE D
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SEAWEED DIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA 1. Ha
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