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THE STATUS OF RESEARCH ON HYMENOPTERA IN MALAYSIA<br />
(approximately 12 mm body length or larger) tended to be higher in disturbed areas. This<br />
could be an example of competitive exclusion, in which certain species are prevented from<br />
occupying an area by the presence of other species (Cox & Moore, 1993). Xanthopimpla<br />
species, as examples of pimpline wasps, lay eggs in suitable hosts, and larger species select<br />
hosts that enable the development of a larger wasp. (Gauld, 1984). Disturbed habitats may<br />
favor the existence of suitable hosts for large Xanthopimpla species, which compete with<br />
smaller species for the limited resources available. Certain large species like X. gampsura<br />
were abundant in disturbed habitats, while X. nigritarsis nigritarsis was found only in pristine<br />
habitats. Although the finding is preliminary and needs to be verified by replication at other<br />
locations, these two species of Xanthopimpla may have the potential to be used as biological<br />
indicators for habitat disturbance.<br />
Table 5. Contingency table 1 for the body length of Xanthopimpla species collected in<br />
undisturbed and disturbed habitats.<br />
Body length (mm) Undisturbed Disturbed<br />
Small (5.30 - 8.66) 16 20<br />
Medium (8.67 - 12.03) 30 11<br />
Large (12.04 - 15.4) 2 11<br />
Total 48 42<br />
1<br />
Chi Square (2 degrees of freedom) = 15.15, p < 0.001.<br />
PUBLICATIONS AND OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON<br />
ICHNEUMONIDAE AND OTHER PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA<br />
There are many ways to access information on Hymenoptera, in particular the Ichneumonidae<br />
and other parasitic hymenopterans. Provided below is a list of relevant references, revisions,<br />
catalogues, CD-ROMs and electronic information-sources (websites, etc). Useful books for<br />
beginners are those written by LaSalle & Gauld (1993), Gauld & Bolton (1996), Austin &<br />
Dowton (2000), Quicke (1987), Morley (1913) and Goulet & Huber (1993). Books or<br />
catalogues specifically on Braconidae (braconid wasps) and Formicidae (ants) have been written<br />
by van Achterberg (1996), Shenefelt (1975), van der Vecht & Shenefelt (1969) and Bolton<br />
(1997). Many other books or catalogues provide information on Ichneumonid wasps<br />
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) but these are too numerous to list here. To date, few revisions<br />
on Ichneumonidae and Braconidae have been published; these are Townes (1983), Quicke<br />
(1997) and Simboloti & van Achterberg (1990a & 1990b). Bouèek (1988) and Huang &<br />
Noyes (1994) provide good revisions for Chalcidoidea and Encyrtidae, respectively.<br />
There are several journals that frequently publish or are devoted to research on Hymenoptera<br />
(Table 7). The Oriental Insects Monograph, Pacific Insect Monograph and Ichneumonologia<br />
Orientalis commonly publish articles on Ichneumonidae and Braconidae of the Indo-Australian<br />
and Oriental Regions, while the Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden and Zoologische<br />
Verhandelingen usually publish articles on braconids. The Journal of Hymenoptera Research<br />
publishes research on any aspect of Hymenoptera. Other articles on Hymenoptera diversity<br />
and taxonomy can also sometimes be found in Serangga, Bulletin of Entomological Research,<br />
Biocontrol and various other entomological journals.<br />
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