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THE STATUS OF RESEARCH ON HYMENOPTERA IN MALAYSIA
(approximately 12 mm body length or larger) tended to be higher in disturbed areas. This
could be an example of competitive exclusion, in which certain species are prevented from
occupying an area by the presence of other species (Cox & Moore, 1993). Xanthopimpla
species, as examples of pimpline wasps, lay eggs in suitable hosts, and larger species select
hosts that enable the development of a larger wasp. (Gauld, 1984). Disturbed habitats may
favor the existence of suitable hosts for large Xanthopimpla species, which compete with
smaller species for the limited resources available. Certain large species like X. gampsura
were abundant in disturbed habitats, while X. nigritarsis nigritarsis was found only in pristine
habitats. Although the finding is preliminary and needs to be verified by replication at other
locations, these two species of Xanthopimpla may have the potential to be used as biological
indicators for habitat disturbance.
Table 5. Contingency table 1 for the body length of Xanthopimpla species collected in
undisturbed and disturbed habitats.
Body length (mm) Undisturbed Disturbed
Small (5.30 - 8.66) 16 20
Medium (8.67 - 12.03) 30 11
Large (12.04 - 15.4) 2 11
Total 48 42
1
Chi Square (2 degrees of freedom) = 15.15, p < 0.001.
PUBLICATIONS AND OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
ICHNEUMONIDAE AND OTHER PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA
There are many ways to access information on Hymenoptera, in particular the Ichneumonidae
and other parasitic hymenopterans. Provided below is a list of relevant references, revisions,
catalogues, CD-ROMs and electronic information-sources (websites, etc). Useful books for
beginners are those written by LaSalle & Gauld (1993), Gauld & Bolton (1996), Austin &
Dowton (2000), Quicke (1987), Morley (1913) and Goulet & Huber (1993). Books or
catalogues specifically on Braconidae (braconid wasps) and Formicidae (ants) have been written
by van Achterberg (1996), Shenefelt (1975), van der Vecht & Shenefelt (1969) and Bolton
(1997). Many other books or catalogues provide information on Ichneumonid wasps
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) but these are too numerous to list here. To date, few revisions
on Ichneumonidae and Braconidae have been published; these are Townes (1983), Quicke
(1997) and Simboloti & van Achterberg (1990a & 1990b). Bouèek (1988) and Huang &
Noyes (1994) provide good revisions for Chalcidoidea and Encyrtidae, respectively.
There are several journals that frequently publish or are devoted to research on Hymenoptera
(Table 7). The Oriental Insects Monograph, Pacific Insect Monograph and Ichneumonologia
Orientalis commonly publish articles on Ichneumonidae and Braconidae of the Indo-Australian
and Oriental Regions, while the Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden and Zoologische
Verhandelingen usually publish articles on braconids. The Journal of Hymenoptera Research
publishes research on any aspect of Hymenoptera. Other articles on Hymenoptera diversity
and taxonomy can also sometimes be found in Serangga, Bulletin of Entomological Research,
Biocontrol and various other entomological journals.
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