o_19ko2dt161ng2j4e1tgnoqv1s45a.pdf

IDRIS A.B. (2007)
Table 4. Percent species similarity of Ichneumonid species between ground level and canopy
samples at Sungkai Wildlife Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia (July to October 2000).
Species similarity (%)
Sampling location Horizontal Horizontal Bottom of Top of
(total) (400 m) tower tower
Horizontal (total) 1 100 - - -
Horizontal (400 m) 2 75.4 100 - -
Bottom of tower 3 50 98.7 100 38.1
Top of tower 3 33.3 45.4 38.1 100
1
All species from all sites in the horizontal sampling with ground-level Malaise traps, viz. 0, 100, 200, 400 and 600
m from the forest edge.
2
Data for horizontal sampling with ground-level Malaise traps at 400 m from the forest edge.
3
Data for the canopy tower, 400 m from the forest edge (bottom = 0 m, top = 15 m from forest floor).
sometimes collected more ichneumonids in areas that are undulating. Although the Bangi
forest is also undulating, the mean numbers of ichneumonids caught in yellow pan traps and
sweep nets were significantly lower than in Malaise traps. However, for the nocturnal
ichneumonid subfamily Ophioninae, light traps were more effective.
A study on the flight phenology of ichneumonids in the primary and regenerating forests of
Pasoh F.R. was conducted from April 2002 to March 2003. Generally, in both forests, there were
two peaks flight activities, viz., June-July and October-December 2002, with the highest activity
recorded in July 2002. Based on the flight phenology of the different genera, parasitoids could
be categorized into genera that (1) peaked twice a year, (2) peaked only in June-July, (3) peaked
only in October-December and (4) peaked in March. However, the flight activity of most genera
varied with locality. The results also showed that seasonal new leaf flushes of trees may influence
flight activity of ichneumonids. More ichneumonids were caught during the dry season of May
to August 2002 than during the wet season of October to December 2002. Additionally, the
optimum number of samples needed to yield maximum species diversity (the asymptote or
threshold level) was higher in primary forests than in secondary or disturbed forests.
c. Zoogeographical Distribution
A study on the zoogeographical distribution of the genus Xanthopimpla and Goryphus recorded
58 species and three subspecies of Xanthopimpla in Malaysia (Idris et al. 2005). Of these, 53
and 34 were from Malay Peninsular and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), respectively.
Only 20 species of Goryphus have been recorded in Malaysia: 12 species from the Peninsula
and eight species from Sabah (no species have been recorded from Sarawak yet). The lower
number of species recorded from East Malaysia is due to lower sampling intensity as a
consequence of a limited budget. Zoogeographical maps showing the distribution of each
species in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are available (Idris et al. 2005).
d. Potential Biological Indicators
There was a significant difference between disturbed and undisturbed habitats in relation to
body size class distribution of Xanthopimpla species (Table 5). Although medium- and smallsized
Xanthopimpla species dominated both habitats, populations of larger-sized species
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