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PHANG et al (2007) programmes to enlist public assistance in the protection of natural resources. An Environmental Education Curriculum should be introduced to schools to inculcate awareness in the younger population. Strategies for the protection of seaweeds and other natural resources include the establishment of a National Biodiversity Directorate, National Ocean Council, National Biodiversity Database and more Marine Protected Areas. The practice of sustainable fisheries, sustainable mariculture and the control of invasive alien species must be enforced. Integrated marine and coastal area management should be practiced. Alternative livelihoods could be introduced for poverty alleviation in coastal communities. There should be increased funding for research in areas of distribution, abundance and ecology of seaweed resources, thus enabling the proper assessment of the sustainability of the seaweed resources in Malaysia. CONCLUDING REMARKS The last two decades have seen an increase in seaweeds as a potential economic resource in the Asia-Pacific region, including Malaysia. Two genera, Eucheuma (Kappaphycus) and Gracilaria were targeted for development in Malaysia. However Gracilaria cultivation has not gone beyond the experimental stage. Eucheuma culture in Sabah continues with the fishing community around Semporna and has spread to the Kudat area through initiatives from the state government. These resources cannot meet the demands of the three carrageenan factories. Gracilaria on the other hand does not demand clean waters as Eucheuma, and should in fact grow well in Peninsular Malaysian waters. Agar processing requires simpler technology than carrageenan, and in fact has a high domestic demand (Jahara & Phang 1990). Of the other seaweeds, Caulerpa species are easy to culture but would require good marketing to sell its use as a delicacy in restaurants. Acanthophora, Gracilaria and Hypnea can be grown as feed for abalone. The inventory of Malaysian seaweeds continues. Presently 386 taxa are recorded. Many scientifically interesting as well as commercially important species have been identified. Ecological information is scarce. Biomass assessments of natural seaweed areas, productivity determination and phenological studies of important species, should be encouraged. Only then can the status of the seaweed flora of Malaysia be assessed, and threatened species and habitats identified. The use of new approaches like molecular taxonomy should be encouraged to enhance species identification and possibly provide a fingerprinting technique to monitor and prevent biodiversity loss. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements are due to Professor Michio Masuda, University of Hokkaido, whose expertise made a worthy checklist possible, Professors Shigeru Kawaguchi, Tetsuro Ajisaka, K. Kogame, Misni Surif and all the expedition members, especially my students Wong Ching Lee, Melor Ismail and Murugadas T. Loganathan, who contributed towards the wonderful collections. We are grateful to the Fisheries Departments, Marine Parks and Fisheries Research Institutes, throughout the Malaysian states, which have always been very generous with their 207
SEAWEED DIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA assistance during our fieldwork. Generous research grants from the IRPA Grants No.09-02- 03-222 and 09-02-03-788, MOSTE, Malaysia and Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan, are gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES AHMAD ISMAIL 1995. Rumpai Laut Malaysia. (Seaweeds of Malaysia). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia. (In Bahasa Malaysia). AJISAKA, T. 2002. Sargassum specimens from Singapore and Malaysia in the Herbarium of the Bishop Museum. Pp. 77–88 in Abbott, I.A. & McDermid, K. (eds.) Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds. With reference to some Pacific species. Vol. VIII. California Sea Grant Programme. AJISAKA, T., PHANG, S.M. & YOSHIDA, T. 1999. Preliminary report of Sargassum species collected from Malaysian coasts. Pp. 23–42 in Abbott, I.A. (ed.) Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds. With reference to some Pacific species. Vol. VII. California Sea Grant Programme. BURKILL, I.H. 1966. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. 2 vols. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. CRITCHLEY, A.T. & OHNO, M. 1998. Seaweed Resources of the World. Japan International Cooperation Agency. FELDMANN, J. 1937. Recherches sur la vegetation marine de la Mediterranee. La cote des Alberes. Rev. Algol. 10: 1–339. GEPP, A. & GEPP, E.S. 1911. The Codiaceae of the Siboga Expedition including a monograph of Flabellariaceae and Udoteaceae. Siboga-Expedite Monographie 62. HOOPER, D. 1960. On Chinese Medicine: Drugs of Chinese Pharmacies in Malaya. The Garden’s Bulletin Straits Settlements VII(1-15): 1–57. JAHARA, J. & PHANG, S.M. 1990. Seaweed Marketing and Agar Industries in Malaysia. Pp. 75–86 in BOBP, Gracilaria production and utilization in the Bay of Bengal. BOBP/ REP/45. Bay of Bengal Programme. KAWAGUCHI, S., KATO, A., MASUDA, M., KOGAME, K. & PHANG, S.M. 2002. Taxonomic Notes on the Marine Algae of Malaysia. VII. Five Species of Rhodophyceae, with the Description of Lomentaria gracillima sp. nov. Botanica Marina 45: 536–547. LIM, P.E. & PHANG, S.M. 2004. Gracilaria species (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) of Malaysia including two new records. Mal. J. Sci. 23(2): 71–80. LIM, P.E., THONG, K.L. & PHANG, S.M. 2001. Molecular differentiation of two morphological variants of Gracilaria salicornia. J. Appl. Phycol. 13: 335–342. MARTENS, G. VON. 1866. In Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien; nach amlitchen quellen: Botanischer Theil, Berlin. MASUDA, M., ABE, T., KAWAGUCHI, S. & PHANG, S.M. 1999. Taxonomic Notes on Marine Algae from Malaysia. I. Six Species of Rhodophyceae. Botanica Marina 42: 449–458. MASUDA, M., ABE, T., KAWAGUCHI, S. & PHANG, S.M. 2001b. Taxonomic Notes on Marine Algae from Malaysia. VI. Five Species of Ceramiales (Rhodophyceae). Botanica Marina 44: 467–477. MASUDA, M., ABE, T., KOGEAME, K., KAWAGUCHI, S., PHANG, S.M., DAITOH, T., SAKAI, Y. & SUZUKI, M. 2002. Taxonomic Notes on the Marine Algae of Malaysia. VIII. Three species of Laurencia (Rhodophyceae). Botanica Marina 45: 571–579. 208
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Status of Biological Diversity in M
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