Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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via iontophoretic injection in the prefrontal areas of lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LO) or agranular insular cortex (AI). The C57BL/6 mice were perfused seven days after CTb injection. The CTb iontophoretic injection created very confined injection sites of a diameter of 150 to 200 µm. Our preliminary data reveal that for mice injected in the LO, CTb positive cells were found in endopiriform nucleus and the ventral-medial area of layer II/III of the anterior piriform cortex. Furthermore, in the LO injected mouse, we found labeled cells in agranular insular and mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus. In the AI injected mice, a similar labeling pattern was seen in endopiriform nucleus with sparsely labeled cells in ventral medial anterior piriform cortex. In both experiments, we found no labeled cells in the dorsal anterior piriform cortex or posterior piriform cortex. Together the data suggest that piriform cortex may be composed of finer anatomical subdivisions that project to prefrontal areas. Whether these subdivisions perform specific functional roles remains to be determined. #P92 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTION DEVELOPMENT; TASTE CNS; NEUROIMAGING; OLFACTION CNS Neuromodulatory regulation of learning within olfactory bulb Thomas A Cleland Dept. Psychology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA Intrinsic plasticity within olfactory bulb (OB) circuitry modifies odor generalization gradients based on experience so as to dynamically construct essentially categorical odor representations. This plasticity also is regulated and perhaps gated by neuromodulatory state, and can be manipulated by pharmacological infusions into OB. Cholinergic inputs to the OB acutely regulate the breadth of odor generalization, though the nicotinic component, primarily localized in the glomerular layer, dominates this acute effect. In contrast, muscarinic receptors are predominantly expressed in the external plexiform layer (EPL), which has been increasingly associated with mechanisms of intrinsic learning within OB. We therefore investigated the role that muscarinic modulation of OB circuitry plays in olfactory associative learning. We found that intrabulbar infusion of scopolamine impaired olfactory learning when delivered between training and testing, or when delivered prior to training in studies imposing a similar 45-minute training-testing latency, but not when testing followed training immediately or with a fourminute latency. (Dihydrokainate infusion into OB was used to prevent the retrograde amnestic effect of isoflurane anesthesia). This pattern of results indicates that intact muscarinic responsivity within OB is important for the maintenance of an intact odor memory over this delay period. In contrast, intact alpha-1 noradrenergic responsivity in OB appears permissive for adapting generalization gradients to changes in odor-associated reward levels. Using computational modeling, we are outlining a common framework for OB processing and neuromodulation to understand and explain how OB-based circuitry can instantiate appropriate topologies of learning in response to experience. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIDCD grant DC009948. #P93 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTION DEVELOPMENT; TASTE CNS; NEUROIMAGING; OLFACTION CNS GABAergic gating of olfactory-motor transmission Gheylen Daghfous 1,2 , Elias Atallah 2 , Jean-Luc Létourneau 1 , François Auclair 2 , Dominique Derjean 1 , Barbara S Zielinski 3 , Réjean Dubuc 1,2 1 Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Département de kinanthropologie, Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada, 2 Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Département de physiologie, Université de Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor Windsor, ON, Canada Olfactory stimuli induce and modulate locomotor activity during vital behaviors such as homing, predator avoidance, reproduction, foraging and feeding. The neural substrate underlying olfactory-motor behaviors was recently uncovered in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) [Derjean et al. 2010 PLoS Biol 8(12): e1000567]. It consists of a specific neural pathway, extending from the medial part of the olfactory bulb (OB) to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), with a single relay in the posterior tuberculum (PT). In all vertebrates, the MLR acts as a motor command center that controls locomotion via a descending projection to reticulospinal neurons (RS). This oligosynaptic pathway permits movements to be rapidly generated in response to olfactory stimuli, and thus functions as a pathway dedicated to action. The modulatory mechanisms that act on this pathway and that are responsible for affecting the variability of the lamprey’s behavioral responses to olfactory inputs are still unknown. We addressed this question by using anatomical (tracers and immunohistochemistry) and physiological (intracellular recordings) techniques. Retrograde axonal tracing from the PT combined with GABA immunofluorescence showed dense GABAergic innervation of the medial OB, a central component of the olfactory-locomotor pathway, suggesting a role for GABA in the modulation of this pathway. Physiological experiments showed that injections of the GABA A antagonist gabazine (0.1 - 1 mM) into the medial OB considerably amplify or unmask the responses of RS neurons to olfactory inputs. Taken together, our results suggest that GABAergic innervation of the OB acts as a gatekeeper for sensory inputs to motor control centers. Acknowledgements: Great Lakes Fishery Commission CIHR NSERC FRSQ POSTER PRESENTATIONS Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s). 64
#P94 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTION DEVELOPMENT; TASTE CNS; NEUROIMAGING; OLFACTION CNS Distinct roles of bulbar muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in olfactory discrimination learning Sasha Devore, Licurgo de Almeida, Christiane Linster Cornell University Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Ithaca, NY, USA #P95 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTION DEVELOPMENT; TASTE CNS; NEUROIMAGING; OLFACTION CNS Retronasal odor intensity coding in the dorsal olfactory bulb of rats Shree Hari Gautam 1,2 , Michelle R Rebello 1 , Justus V Verhagen 1 1 John B Pierce Lab New Haven, CT, USA, 2 University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA The olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PC) receive dense cholinergic projections from the diagonal band of Broca in the basal forebrain. Cholinergic modulation within the PC has long been proposed to serve an important function in olfactory learning and memory. We here investigate how olfactory discrimination learning is regulated by cholinergic modulation of the OB inputs to the PC. Using pharmacological manipulation of the OB, we examined the role of bulbar cholinergic signaling in rats’ performance on a two-alternative choice odor discrimination task. Results show that blocking bulbar cholinergic signaling significantly slows learning, although the relative contribution of muscarinic (MAChRs) and nicotinic receptors (NAChRs) depends on task difficulty. Specifically, blocking MAChRs (38 mM scopolamine) impaired learning for nearly all odor sets tested (n=13), whereas blocking NAChRs (19 mM MLA) only affected learning when the task was made difficult by using perceptually similar odors. This pattern of behavioral effects is consistent with predictions from a recently developed model of cholinergic modulation in the OB and PC (de Almeida et al., 2012). The model suggests that MAChRs and NAChRs serve complementary roles in regulating OB output and cortical learning. Namely, NAChRs determine the output rate within each OB channel and therefore regulate the overlap between learned representations in the cortical network. On the other hand, MAChRs control the timing of spikes across OB output channels and, as a consequence, regulate the strength of odor representations in the cortical network. Together, these results suggest that MAChRs in the OB serve a general role in regulating learning, whereas NAChRs are only critical when there is substantial overlap in the sensory inputs. Acknowledgements: NIH R01 DC009948 (CL) NIH F32 DC011974 (SD) L’Oreal Fellowship for Women in Science (SD) In nature food contains many volatile chemicals with a wide range of concentrations. The volatiles, when released in the mouth while eating, travel to the nasal cavity via the nasopharynx evoking a retronasal smell which contributes to food flavor. The olfactory system is responsible for encoding not only the quality but also the concentration of the volatiles present in food. It is believed that each odor is represented by a unique glomerular activation pattern in the olfactory bulb. However, whether and how retronasal odor concentration is encoded by the spatiotemporal activity pattern of olfactory glomeruli, without confounding the quality of a different odorant, remains unknown. In this study we optically imaged the retronasal odor-induced calcium responses of olfactory receptor neurons in the dorsal olfactory bulb in double-tracheotomized rats. We found reliable concentration-response curves that differed between odors. MDS of the spatial OB patterns suggest that ambiguity among select stimuli may occur. Further, the relation between dynamics and concentration differed remarkably among retronasal odorants. Understanding of coding for retronasal odor intensity has potentially important implications in the feeding behavior and flavor neuroscience. #P96 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTION DEVELOPMENT; TASTE CNS; NEUROIMAGING; OLFACTION CNS Intrinsic oscillatory discharge patterns in mitral cells of the mouse accessory olfactory bulb Monika Gorin, Marc Spehr Dept. of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) represents the first stage of central information processing in the rodent accessory olfactory system. In the vomeronasal organ, social chemosignals activate sensory neurons which form synaptic contacts with mitral/tufted cells, the main excitatory projection neurons in AOB. Bypassing the thalamo-cortical axis, these neurons project directly to higher brain regions such as amygdala and hypothalamus. Despite their physiological significance, the intrinsic properties of mitral cells and their role in social information coding and signal integration in the AOB are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the biophysical properties of AOB mitral cells using both voltage- and current-clamp whole cell recordings from optically identified neurons in acute mouse AOB tissue slices. We identify a population of mitral cells that display slow oscillatory discharge patterns which persist after POSTER PRESENTATIONS Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s). 65
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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Table of Contents 2013 AChemS Meeti
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2013 Annual Meeting Exhibitors EXHI
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2013 Awardees We are pleased to ann
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Oral Abstracts #1 GIVAUDAN LECTURE:
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#9 INDUSTRY SYMPOSIUM: TASTE AND SM
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early postnatal period. This shift
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#P222 POSTER SESSION V: HUMAN TASTE
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ut this was always the first trial.
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The taste test intraclass correlati
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epressive sequence contains binding
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Author Index Abdelhamid, Mostafa -
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Author Index, continued Dillon, T S
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Author Index, continued Karunanayak
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Author Index, continued Müller, Ch
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Author Index, continued Storace, Do
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Visual Program-at-a-Glance Posters
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A NNUAL AChemS Association for Chem
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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