Factors Influencing Visitor's Choices of Urban Destinations in North ...

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Table of ContentsI. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1Highlights................................................................................................................................ 1Study Summary........................................................................................................................ 1Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 2Next Steps................................................................................................................................ 3II. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 4III. STUDY OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................... 4IV. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 5A. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................... 6Introduction............................................................................................................................. 6Key Findings ........................................................................................................................... 7B. SELECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN CITIES ............................................................................ 7C. DEVELOPING AN ATTRACTIONS MATRIX ............................................................................. 8D. ECONOMETRIC APPROACH................................................................................................... 9E. DATA COLLECTION............................................................................................................ 10Visitations Data .................................................................................................................... 10Attractions Data.................................................................................................................... 10Non-Attraction Variables...................................................................................................... 12F. TRAVEL PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................................................... 14Michelin ................................................................................................................................ 14Frommer's............................................................................................................................. 15Fodor’s.................................................................................................................................. 15G. MEASURES OF ATTRACTION COUNT .................................................................................. 15Number of Attractions...........................................................................................................16Normalized Attractions ......................................................................................................... 16Normalized Share of Attractions........................................................................................... 16H. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ................................................................................................... 17Key Findings ......................................................................................................................... 17I. INTERPRETATION OF REGRESSION RESULTS....................................................................... 21Regression-Specific Conclusions.......................................................................................... 22J. ANALYSIS OF MODEL RESIDUALS...................................................................................... 27K. IMPACT OF ATTRACTION TYPE ON VISITATIONS ................................................................ 30Attraction Elasticities for Ottawa and Toronto .................................................................... 31Marketing Budgets Elasticities ............................................................................................. 32
V. OUR RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................... 33VI. NEXT STEPS .................................................................................................................. 34VII. TECHNICAL APPENDIX............................................................................................. 35A. ATTRACTIONS MATRIX EXAMPLES.................................................................................... 35Arts and Culture.................................................................................................................... 35Environment and Built Form ................................................................................................ 35Entertainment........................................................................................................................ 36Accommodation and Food .................................................................................................... 37B. REGRESSION RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 38C. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................... 42Tourism Attractiveness Literature ........................................................................................ 42Destination Competitiveness Literature ............................................................................... 45Urban Tourism Marketing Literature................................................................................... 48Tourism Demand/Econometric Modelling Literature .......................................................... 53Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................ 58D. VISITATIONS DATA ............................................................................................................ 60E. STATISTICAL CONCEPTS .................................................................................................... 64
Page 4 and 5: I. Executive SummaryHighlightsThe r
Page 6 and 7: Next StepsThis project has surfaced
Page 8 and 9: IV.coefficients from these models p
Page 10 and 11: series, simple autoregressive and
Page 12 and 13: Arts & Culture Museums Historymuseu
Page 14 and 15: The tourist visitations data was al
Page 16 and 17: Hotel Room Count and Hotel Property
Page 18 and 19: Table 9: Michelin’s RatingsRating
Page 20 and 21: value below one suggests that the s
Page 22 and 23: Table 13: Individual Attractions Th
Page 24 and 25: Table 16: Significant Results 14Equ
Page 26 and 27: The adjusted R 2 for this model is
Page 28 and 29: • On average across all cities, b
Page 30 and 31: Model 5C 17 : In Model 5C, the numb
Page 32 and 33: The model overpredicts the number o
Page 34 and 35: Attraction Elasticities for Ottawa
Page 36 and 37: Table 22: Marketing Budget Elastici
Page 38 and 39: VII.Technical AppendixA. Attraction
Page 40 and 41: • Metropolitan Opera House in New
Page 42 and 43: Model 3: Three-Star Quality-Rated A
Page 44 and 45: Model 5B: Three-Star Quality-Rated
Page 46 and 47: 3. The cognitive perspective involv
Page 48 and 49: also found that almost half of the
Page 50 and 51: Also, the model seems to completely
Page 52 and 53:
strengths and its weaknesses, devel
Page 54 and 55:
Items from QuestionnaireTable 23: M
Page 56 and 57:
Tourism Demand/Econometric Modellin
Page 58 and 59:
Table 25: Types of Explanatory Vari
Page 60 and 61:
Results: Lim and McAleer found that
Page 62 and 63:
Richards, Greg. (2002). “Tourism
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 4: Overseas Visitors to U.S.
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 6: Cities Person-Trips Volum
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