Pigment Reduction in Corn Gluten Meal and Its Effects on Muscle ...

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these pigments have been hypothesized to occur before/dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al absorption, transportwith<strong>in</strong> bloodstream <strong>and</strong>/or muscle deposition.<strong>Reduction</strong> of yellow pigments from corn gluten meal has been assessed us<strong>in</strong>g differentapproaches <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation (Cha et al., 2000; Gél<strong>in</strong>as et al., 1998;Park et al., 1997). Lipoxygenases (LOX) are nonheme iron-conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g dioxygenases (EC1.13.11.12) that catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a cis-cis-1, 4-pentadiene system. More than 60% of total yellow carotenoids pigments content was bleachedwhen 5% of soy flour as LOX source was mixed with wet CGM <strong>in</strong> an aqueous medium at pH 6.5(Park et al., 1997). However, none of these studies have evaluated the <strong>in</strong>clusion of pigmentbleachedcorn gluten meal on muscle astaxanth<strong>in</strong> deposition <strong>in</strong> salmonid fish.1.1 ObjectivesThe ma<strong>in</strong> objectives of this thesis were 1) to assess the effect of dietary corn gluten meal <strong>and</strong>treated corn gluten meal on astaxanth<strong>in</strong> deposition <strong>and</strong> muscle colour attributes <strong>in</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout(O. mykiss). And 2) to develop practical, laboratory-scale (10-20 g) process<strong>in</strong>g methods for thereduction of carotenoid content <strong>in</strong> corn gluten meal for its use <strong>in</strong> formulated diets for ra<strong>in</strong>bowtrout (O. mykiss).3
CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe aquaculture <strong>in</strong>dustry is fac<strong>in</strong>g major challenges to manage production cost <strong>and</strong> toachieve high quality st<strong>and</strong>ards of their products. As a result of the high cost <strong>and</strong> volatile supplyof fish meal <strong>and</strong> oil, formulation of aquaculture feeds has evolved <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>crease the<strong>in</strong>clusion levels of more cost-effective <strong>in</strong>gredients. Numerous scientific studies have addressedthe effects of new feed <strong>in</strong>gredients on growth <strong>and</strong> feed utilization; nonetheless there is a lack ofresearch focus<strong>in</strong>g on how these raw materials might affect muscle quality traits.The characteristic red or p<strong>in</strong>k colour <strong>in</strong> the muscle of salmonid fish is the result ofcarotenoid, ma<strong>in</strong>ly astaxanth<strong>in</strong>, deposition with<strong>in</strong> muscle fibers. This quality attribute is closelyrelated to the economic value of this product. Fish must obta<strong>in</strong>ed astaxanth<strong>in</strong> from dietarysources as they are unable to synthesize it de novo. While wild fish obta<strong>in</strong> astaxanth<strong>in</strong> from preythey <strong>in</strong>gest. Formulated diets for farmed salmonid fish must be supplemented with natural orsynthetic pigment. Astaxanth<strong>in</strong> premixes are very expensive <strong>and</strong> supplementation accounts for15% - 20% of f<strong>in</strong>al feed cost.One of the most commonly utilized <strong>in</strong>gredients for aquaculture feeds is corn gluten meal, aprote<strong>in</strong>-rich (60% crude prote<strong>in</strong>) by-product of the corn wet mill<strong>in</strong>g process. <strong>Corn</strong> wet mill<strong>in</strong>g isan <strong>in</strong>dustrial process aim<strong>in</strong>g to split the corn kernels major constituents (starch, prote<strong>in</strong>, germ<strong>and</strong> fiber) <strong>in</strong>to fairly purified fractions <strong>and</strong> to further ref<strong>in</strong>ed them for feed, food <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustrialpurposes. Dur<strong>in</strong>g wet mill<strong>in</strong>g, most of the naturally occurr<strong>in</strong>g pigments <strong>in</strong> corn kernels rema<strong>in</strong>4
Page 1 and 2: Pigment Re
Page 3 and 4: ingredients. Furth
Page 5 and 6: Thanks to all my colleagues, friend
Page 7 and 8: 2.10.1 Enzymatic treatments .......
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTable 3. 1 - Factors
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1 - Molecu
Page 13: Ingredients commonly in</st
Page 17 and 18: leached when 5% of soy flour as LOX
Page 19 and 20: deep and fast glyc
Page 21 and 22: observed in ra<str
Page 23 and 24: Chylomicron constituents are remove
Page 25 and 26: Muscle growth in r
Page 27 and 28: 2.7.2 Corn gluten
Page 29 and 30: 2010). However, due to its imbalanc
Page 31 and 32: No differences in
Page 33 and 34: supplemented with 42% of a vegetabl
Page 35 and 36: Soybean seeds are the richest known
Page 37 and 38: 2.10.1.4 Bleaching
Page 39 and 40: 2.11 ConclusionInclusion of <strong
Page 41 and 42: 4.0%*68%* 5.6%* 12%* 3.5%* 6.5%*Fig
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 4 - Schematic representat
Page 45 and 46: 3.1 IntroductionThe characteristic
Page 47 and 48: many factors such as LOX source lev
Page 49 and 50: During the 12-week
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Analytical methodsDry matter
Page 53 and 54: solution was generated by mix<stron
Page 55 and 56: 3.2.4 Statistical analysisData from
Page 57 and 58: Factors defined as
Page 59 and 60: chromatography). Relative amounts o
Page 61 and 62: After carotenoids are absorbed thro
Page 63 and 64: and ended up <stro
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Table 3. 2 - Experimental design us
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Table 3. 4 - Analysed proximate com
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Proximate composition (Analysed; dr
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Table 3. 7 - Lipoxygenase activity
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18 1 0 -1 0 120 15 0 10 2519 -1 0 1
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Table 3. 10 - HPLC carotenoid profi
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Table 3. 12 - Retain</stron
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Table 3. 14 - Fillet carotenoid con
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Total yellow pigment(mg•kg -1 )25
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Figure 3. 4 - Growth curve of ra<st
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effects of dietary CGM and<
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soybean meal in a
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were randomly samp
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An aliquot (1 ml) of chloroform low
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Retained nitrogen
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significant (p
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Values for all-trans astaxanth<stro
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previous reports where colour attri
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Proximate composition (analysed), d
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Table 4. 2 - Growth performance of
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Table 4. 3 - Carcass chemical proxi
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Table 4. 4 - Retain</strong
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Table 4. 5 - Pigment</stron
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Table 4. 6 - Colour attributes <str
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FiguresFigure 4. 1 - Growth curves
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Figure 4. 3 - Muscle colour attribu
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the effects of dietary reduced-caro
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astaxanthin deposi
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After steeping, ke
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0.9994 and 0.9999,
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under acidic and a
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oxidation within t
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colour difference usin</str
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TablesTable 5. 1 - Analyzed proxima
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Data are mean (n=2).a Steepwater pH
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CHAPTER - 6 GENERAL DISCUSSIONCurre
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significant reduction in</s
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Reduction of pigme
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though wheat gluten meal conta<stro
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BibliographyAas, G.H., Storebakken,
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Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Wathne, E
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Choubert, G., Cravedi, J., Laurenti
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Fauconneau, B., Andre, S., Chmaitil
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Johnston, I., Li, X., Vieira, V., N
Page 161 and 162:
Li, M.H., Oberle, D.F., Lucas, P.M.
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Peter, C.M., Han, Y., Bolin
Page 165 and 166:
Skonberg, D.I., Hardy, R.W., Barrow
Page 167:
Ytrestoyl, T., Struksnæs, G., Kopp
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