Pigment Reduction in Corn Gluten Meal and Its Effects on Muscle ...

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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... ivTABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... viLIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... ixLIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... xiCHAPTER - 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 11.1 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 42.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 42.2 Evolution of diet formulation for salmonid fish <strong>and</strong> flesh quality assessment ................ 62.3 Fish muscle <strong>and</strong> quality st<strong>and</strong>ards .................................................................................... 72.4 Salmonid fish fillet colour <strong>and</strong> consumers’ perception .................................................... 82.5 Economic implications of salmonid muscle pigmentation .............................................. 92.6 Muscle pigmentation <strong>in</strong> salmonid fish ........................................................................... 102.6.1 Carotenoid pigments ............................................................................................... 102.6.2 Metabolism of carotenoids <strong>in</strong> salmonid fish ........................................................... 112.7 <strong>Corn</strong> fractionation <strong>and</strong> implications <strong>in</strong> animal nutrition ................................................ 142.7.1 <strong>Corn</strong> mill<strong>in</strong>g ............................................................................................................ 142.7.2 <strong>Corn</strong> gluten meal production .................................................................................. 162.7.3 <strong>Corn</strong> gluten meal: nutritional value <strong>and</strong> use <strong>in</strong> animal diets ................................... 172.7.4 Use of corn gluten meal <strong>in</strong> diets for terrestrial animals .......................................... 172.8 Use of corn gluten meal <strong>in</strong> diets for fish ........................................................................ 192.9 <strong>Effects</strong> of dietary corn gluten meal on salmonid fish muscle pigmentation .................. 212.10 Bleach<strong>in</strong>g of yellow xanthophylls from plant prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>gredients ............................. 22vi
2.10.1 Enzymatic treatments .............................................................................................. 222.10.2 Other enzymes ........................................................................................................ 272.10.3 Chemical reagents as pigment bleach<strong>in</strong>g agents ..................................................... 272.11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 28CHAPTER - 3 OPTIMIZATION OF THE REDUCTION OF CAROTENOIDS IN CORNGLUTEN MEAL FOR EVALUATION ON GROWTH AND MUSCLE PIGMENTATIONOF RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ................................................................... 333.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 343.2 Materials <strong>and</strong> methods ................................................................................................... 363.2.1 Bleach<strong>in</strong>g of carotenoids......................................................................................... 363.2.2 Fish muscle pigmentation trial ................................................................................ 373.2.3 Analytical methods ................................................................................................. 403.2.4 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................... 443.3 Results <strong>and</strong> discussion .................................................................................................... 443.3.1 <strong>Pigment</strong> bleach<strong>in</strong>g trial ........................................................................................... 443.3.2 Fish muscle pigmentation trial ................................................................................ 48CHAPTER - 4 EFFECTS OF FEEDING INCREASING LEVELS OF CORN GLUTENMEAL ON GROWTH AND MUSCLE PIGMENTATION OF RAINBOW TROUT(Oncorhynchus mykiss) .............................................................................................................. 734.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 754.2 Materials <strong>and</strong> methods ................................................................................................... 774.2.1 Fish husb<strong>and</strong>ry <strong>and</strong> experimental conditions .......................................................... 774.2.2 Experimental diets .................................................................................................. 784.2.3 Chemical analysis ................................................................................................... 794.2.4 Muscle colour determ<strong>in</strong>ation .................................................................................. 814.2.5 Calculations............................................................................................................. 814.2.6 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................... 83vii
Page 1 and 2: Pigment Re
Page 3 and 4: ingredients. Furth
Page 5: Thanks to all my colleagues, friend
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTable 3. 1 - Factors
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1 - Molecu
Page 13 and 14: Ingredients commonly in</st
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 In
Page 17 and 18: leached when 5% of soy flour as LOX
Page 19 and 20: deep and fast glyc
Page 21 and 22: observed in ra<str
Page 23 and 24: Chylomicron constituents are remove
Page 25 and 26: Muscle growth in r
Page 27 and 28: 2.7.2 Corn gluten
Page 29 and 30: 2010). However, due to its imbalanc
Page 31 and 32: No differences in
Page 33 and 34: supplemented with 42% of a vegetabl
Page 35 and 36: Soybean seeds are the richest known
Page 37 and 38: 2.10.1.4 Bleaching
Page 39 and 40: 2.11 ConclusionInclusion of <strong
Page 41 and 42: 4.0%*68%* 5.6%* 12%* 3.5%* 6.5%*Fig
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 4 - Schematic representat
Page 45 and 46: 3.1 IntroductionThe characteristic
Page 47 and 48: many factors such as LOX source lev
Page 49 and 50: During the 12-week
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Analytical methodsDry matter
Page 53 and 54: solution was generated by mix<stron
Page 55 and 56: 3.2.4 Statistical analysisData from
Page 57 and 58:
Factors defined as
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chromatography). Relative amounts o
Page 61 and 62:
After carotenoids are absorbed thro
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and ended up <stro
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Table 3. 2 - Experimental design us
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Table 3. 4 - Analysed proximate com
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Proximate composition (Analysed; dr
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Table 3. 7 - Lipoxygenase activity
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18 1 0 -1 0 120 15 0 10 2519 -1 0 1
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Table 3. 10 - HPLC carotenoid profi
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Table 3. 12 - Retain</stron
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Table 3. 14 - Fillet carotenoid con
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Total yellow pigment(mg•kg -1 )25
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Figure 3. 4 - Growth curve of ra<st
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effects of dietary CGM and<
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soybean meal in a
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were randomly samp
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An aliquot (1 ml) of chloroform low
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Retained nitrogen
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significant (p
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Values for all-trans astaxanth<stro
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previous reports where colour attri
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Proximate composition (analysed), d
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Table 4. 2 - Growth performance of
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Table 4. 3 - Carcass chemical proxi
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Table 4. 4 - Retain</strong
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Table 4. 5 - Pigment</stron
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Table 4. 6 - Colour attributes <str
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FiguresFigure 4. 1 - Growth curves
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Figure 4. 3 - Muscle colour attribu
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the effects of dietary reduced-caro
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astaxanthin deposi
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After steeping, ke
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0.9994 and 0.9999,
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under acidic and a
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oxidation within t
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colour difference usin</str
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TablesTable 5. 1 - Analyzed proxima
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Data are mean (n=2).a Steepwater pH
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CHAPTER - 6 GENERAL DISCUSSIONCurre
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significant reduction in</s
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Reduction of pigme
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though wheat gluten meal conta<stro
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BibliographyAas, G.H., Storebakken,
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Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Wathne, E
Page 155 and 156:
Choubert, G., Cravedi, J., Laurenti
Page 157 and 158:
Fauconneau, B., Andre, S., Chmaitil
Page 159 and 160:
Johnston, I., Li, X., Vieira, V., N
Page 161 and 162:
Li, M.H., Oberle, D.F., Lucas, P.M.
Page 163 and 164:
Peter, C.M., Han, Y., Bolin
Page 165 and 166:
Skonberg, D.I., Hardy, R.W., Barrow
Page 167:
Ytrestoyl, T., Struksnæs, G., Kopp
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