Pigment Reduction in Corn Gluten Meal and Its Effects on Muscle ...

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Brenna, O.V. <strong>and</strong> Berardo, N., 2004. Application of near-<strong>in</strong>frared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS) to the evaluation of carotenoids content <strong>in</strong> maize. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 5577-5582.Bureau, D., Hua, K., Cho, C.Y., 2006. Effect of feed<strong>in</strong>g level on growth <strong>and</strong> nutrient deposition<strong>in</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) grow<strong>in</strong>g from 150 to 600g. Aquac. Res.37, 1090-1098.Burt, A.J., Gra<strong>in</strong>ger, C.M., Smid, M.P., Shelp, B.J., Lee, E.A., 2011. Allele m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g of exoticmaize germplasm to enhance macular carotenoids. Crop Sci. 51, 991-1004.Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1984. Guide to the Care <strong>and</strong> use of Experimental Animals.Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Castenmiller, J. <strong>and</strong> West, C.E., 1998. Bioavailability <strong>and</strong> bioconversion of carotenoids. Annu.Rev. Nutr. 18, 19-38.Cha, J.Y., Flores, R.A., Park, H., 2000. <strong>Reduction</strong> of carotenoids <strong>in</strong> corn gluten meal with soyflour. Transcription of the ASAE 43, 1169-1174.Chikere, A.C., Galunsky, B., Overmeyer, A., Brunner, G., Kasche, V., 2000. Activity <strong>and</strong>stability of immobilised soybean lipoxygenase-1 <strong>in</strong> aqueous <strong>and</strong> supercritical carbon dioxidemedia. Biotechnol. Lett. 22, 1815-1821.Choubert, G., Milicua, J., Gomez, R., Sancé, S., Petit, H., Nègre-Sadargues, G., Castillo, R.,Trilles, J., 1995. Utilization of carotenoids from various sources by ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout: musclecolour, carotenoid digestibility <strong>and</strong> retention. Aquacult. Int. 3, 205-216.143
Choubert, G., Cravedi, J., Laurentie, M., 2009. Effect of alternate distribution of astaxanth<strong>in</strong> onra<strong>in</strong>bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle pigmentation. Aquaculture 286, 100-104.Choubert, G., Mendes-P<strong>in</strong>to, M., Morais, R., 2006. <strong>Pigment</strong><strong>in</strong>g efficacy of astaxanth<strong>in</strong> fed tora<strong>in</strong>bow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effect of dietary astaxanth<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> lipid sources.Aquaculture 257, 429-436.Christiansen, R., Struksnaes, G., Estermann, R., Torrissen, O., 1995. Assessment of flesh colour<strong>in</strong> Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquac. Res. 26, 311-321.Clevel<strong>and</strong> I.V., T.E., Hussey, D.S., Chen, Z.-., Jacobson, D.L., Brown, R.L., Carter-Wientjes, C.,Clevel<strong>and</strong>, T.E., Arif, M., 2008. The use of neutron tomography for the structural analysisof corn kernels. J. Cereal Sci. 48, 517-525.Cohen, B., Grossman, S., Kle<strong>in</strong>, B.P., P<strong>in</strong>sky, A., 1985. <strong>Pigment</strong> bleach<strong>in</strong>g by soybeanlipoxygenase type-2 <strong>and</strong> the effect of specific chemical modifications. BBA - Lipid Met.837, 279-287.<strong>Corn</strong> Ref<strong>in</strong>ers Association, 2010. Annual report. Tell<strong>in</strong>g the positive story of corn. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,DC, USA.Dailey, O., 2002. Effect of lactic acid on prote<strong>in</strong> solubilization <strong>and</strong> starch yield <strong>in</strong> corn wet-millsteep<strong>in</strong>g: a study of hybrid effects. Cereal Chemistry. 79, 257-260.Davis, K., 2001. <strong>Corn</strong> mill<strong>in</strong>g, process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> generation of co-products. M<strong>in</strong>nesota NutritionConference, M<strong>in</strong>nesota <strong>Corn</strong> Growers Association, Technical Symposium, 2001,M<strong>in</strong>nesota.144
Page 1 and 2:
Pigment Re
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ingredients. Furth
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Thanks to all my colleagues, friend
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2.10.1 Enzymatic treatments .......
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LIST OF TABLESTable 3. 1 - Factors
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1 - Molecu
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Ingredients commonly in</st
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CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 In
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leached when 5% of soy flour as LOX
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deep and fast glyc
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observed in ra<str
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Chylomicron constituents are remove
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Muscle growth in r
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2.7.2 Corn gluten
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2010). However, due to its imbalanc
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No differences in
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supplemented with 42% of a vegetabl
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Soybean seeds are the richest known
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2.10.1.4 Bleaching
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2.11 ConclusionInclusion of <strong
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4.0%*68%* 5.6%* 12%* 3.5%* 6.5%*Fig
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Figure 2. 4 - Schematic representat
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3.1 IntroductionThe characteristic
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many factors such as LOX source lev
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During the 12-week
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3.2.3 Analytical methodsDry matter
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solution was generated by mix<stron
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3.2.4 Statistical analysisData from
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Factors defined as
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chromatography). Relative amounts o
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After carotenoids are absorbed thro
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and ended up <stro
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Table 3. 2 - Experimental design us
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Table 3. 4 - Analysed proximate com
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Proximate composition (Analysed; dr
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Table 3. 7 - Lipoxygenase activity
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18 1 0 -1 0 120 15 0 10 2519 -1 0 1
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Table 3. 10 - HPLC carotenoid profi
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Table 3. 12 - Retain</stron
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Table 3. 14 - Fillet carotenoid con
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Total yellow pigment(mg•kg -1 )25
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Figure 3. 4 - Growth curve of ra<st
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effects of dietary CGM and<
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soybean meal in a
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were randomly samp
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An aliquot (1 ml) of chloroform low
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Retained nitrogen
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significant (p
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Values for all-trans astaxanth<stro
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previous reports where colour attri
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Proximate composition (analysed), d
Page 103 and 104: Table 4. 2 - Growth performance of
Page 105 and 106: Table 4. 3 - Carcass chemical proxi
Page 107 and 108: Table 4. 4 - Retain</strong
Page 109 and 110: Table 4. 5 - Pigment</stron
Page 111 and 112: Table 4. 6 - Colour attributes <str
Page 113 and 114: FiguresFigure 4. 1 - Growth curves
Page 115 and 116: Figure 4. 3 - Muscle colour attribu
Page 117 and 118: the effects of dietary reduced-caro
Page 119 and 120: astaxanthin deposi
Page 121 and 122: After steeping, ke
Page 123 and 124: 0.9994 and 0.9999,
Page 125 and 126: under acidic and a
Page 127 and 128: oxidation within t
Page 129 and 130: colour difference usin</str
Page 131 and 132: TablesTable 5. 1 - Analyzed proxima
Page 133 and 134: Effects of
Page 141 and 142: Data are mean (n=2).a Steepwater pH
Page 143 and 144: CHAPTER - 6 GENERAL DISCUSSIONCurre
Page 145 and 146: significant reduction in</s
Page 147 and 148: Reduction of pigme
Page 149 and 150: though wheat gluten meal conta<stro
Page 151 and 152: BibliographyAas, G.H., Storebakken,
Page 153: Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Wathne, E
Page 157 and 158: Fauconneau, B., Andre, S., Chmaitil
Page 159 and 160: Johnston, I., Li, X., Vieira, V., N
Page 161 and 162: Li, M.H., Oberle, D.F., Lucas, P.M.
Page 163 and 164: Peter, C.M., Han, Y., Bolin
Page 165 and 166: Skonberg, D.I., Hardy, R.W., Barrow
Page 167: Ytrestoyl, T., Struksnæs, G., Kopp
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