Pigment Reduction in Corn Gluten Meal and Its Effects on Muscle ...

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No, H.K. <strong>and</strong> Storebakken, T., 1991. <strong>Pigment</strong>ation of ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout with astaxanth<strong>in</strong> at differentwater temperatures. Aquaculture 97, 203-216.O’brien, 2009. Recent trends <strong>in</strong> U.S. wet <strong>and</strong> dry corn mill<strong>in</strong>g production. AgMRC. RenewableEnergy Newsletter. USA.Olsen, R.E. <strong>and</strong> Baker, R.T.M., 2006. Lute<strong>in</strong> does not <strong>in</strong>fluence flesh astaxanth<strong>in</strong> pigmentation<strong>in</strong> the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 258, 558-564.Park, H., Flores, R.A., Johnson, L.A., 1997. Preparation of fish feed <strong>in</strong>gredients: reduction ofcarotenoids <strong>in</strong> corn gluten meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 2088-2092.Parker, R.S., 1996. Absorption, metabolism, <strong>and</strong> transport of carotenoids. The FASEB Journal10, 542-551.Pereira, T.; Oliva-Teles, A. Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a prote<strong>in</strong> source <strong>in</strong> diets forgilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.). Aquac. Res. 2003, 34, 1111-1117.Perez, O.E., Haros, M., Suarez, C., 2001. <strong>Corn</strong> steep<strong>in</strong>g: <strong>in</strong>fluence of time <strong>and</strong> lactic acid onisolation <strong>and</strong> thermal properties of starch. J. Food Eng. 48, 251-256.Pérez-Gálvez, A. <strong>and</strong> Mínguez-Mosquera, M.I., 2002. Degradation of non-esterified <strong>and</strong>esterified xanthophylls by free radicals. BBA Gen. Subjects 1569, 31-34.Perry, R. <strong>and</strong> Green, D., 1984. Perry's chemical eng<strong>in</strong>eers' h<strong>and</strong>book. McGraw-Hill, New York,NY, USA, 2640 pp.151
Peter, C.M., Han, Y., Bol<strong>in</strong>g-Frankenbach, S.D., Parsons, C.M., Baker, D.H., 2000. Limit<strong>in</strong>gorder of am<strong>in</strong>o acids <strong>and</strong> the effects of phytase on prote<strong>in</strong> quality <strong>in</strong> corn gluten meal fed toyoung chicks. J. Anim. Sci. 78, 2150-2156.Rajas<strong>in</strong>gh, H., Øyehaug, L., Våge, D., Omholt, S., 2006. Carotenoid dynamics <strong>in</strong> Atlanticsalmon. BMB Biology 4, 1-15.Regost, C., Arzel, J., Kaushik, S., 1999. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by corn glutenmeal <strong>in</strong> diet for turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 180, 99-117.Roba<strong>in</strong>a, L., Moyano, F., Izquierdo, M., Socorro, J., Vergara, J., Montero, D., 1997. <strong>Corn</strong> gluten<strong>and</strong> meat <strong>and</strong> bone meals as prote<strong>in</strong> sources <strong>in</strong> diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata):Nutritional <strong>and</strong> histological implications. Aquaculture 157, 347-359.Rock, D.W., Klopfenste<strong>in</strong>, T.J., Ward, J.K., Britton, R.A., McDonnell, M.L., 1983. Evaluation ofslowly degraded prote<strong>in</strong>s: dehydrated alfalfa <strong>and</strong> corn gluten meal. J. Anim. Sci. 56, 476-482.Saiz, A.I., Manrique, G.D., Fritz, R., 2001. Determ<strong>in</strong>ation of benzoyl peroxide <strong>and</strong> benzoic acidlevels by HPLC dur<strong>in</strong>g wheat Fflour bleach<strong>in</strong>g process. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 98-102.Salvador, A.M., Alonso-Damian, A., Choubert, G., Milicua, J.C.G., 2007. Effect of soybeanphospholipids on canthaxanth<strong>in</strong> lipoprote<strong>in</strong>s transport, digestibility, <strong>and</strong> deposition <strong>in</strong>ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 9202-9207.152
Page 1 and 2:
Pigment Re
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ingredients. Furth
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Thanks to all my colleagues, friend
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2.10.1 Enzymatic treatments .......
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LIST OF TABLESTable 3. 1 - Factors
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1 - Molecu
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Ingredients commonly in</st
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CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 In
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leached when 5% of soy flour as LOX
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deep and fast glyc
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observed in ra<str
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Chylomicron constituents are remove
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Muscle growth in r
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2.7.2 Corn gluten
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2010). However, due to its imbalanc
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No differences in
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supplemented with 42% of a vegetabl
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Soybean seeds are the richest known
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2.10.1.4 Bleaching
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2.11 ConclusionInclusion of <strong
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4.0%*68%* 5.6%* 12%* 3.5%* 6.5%*Fig
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Figure 2. 4 - Schematic representat
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3.1 IntroductionThe characteristic
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many factors such as LOX source lev
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During the 12-week
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3.2.3 Analytical methodsDry matter
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solution was generated by mix<stron
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3.2.4 Statistical analysisData from
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Factors defined as
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chromatography). Relative amounts o
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After carotenoids are absorbed thro
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and ended up <stro
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Table 3. 2 - Experimental design us
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Table 3. 4 - Analysed proximate com
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Proximate composition (Analysed; dr
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Table 3. 7 - Lipoxygenase activity
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18 1 0 -1 0 120 15 0 10 2519 -1 0 1
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Table 3. 10 - HPLC carotenoid profi
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Table 3. 12 - Retain</stron
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Table 3. 14 - Fillet carotenoid con
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Total yellow pigment(mg•kg -1 )25
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Figure 3. 4 - Growth curve of ra<st
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effects of dietary CGM and<
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soybean meal in a
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were randomly samp
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An aliquot (1 ml) of chloroform low
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Retained nitrogen
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significant (p
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Values for all-trans astaxanth<stro
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previous reports where colour attri
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Proximate composition (analysed), d
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Table 4. 2 - Growth performance of
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Table 4. 3 - Carcass chemical proxi
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Table 4. 4 - Retain</strong
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Table 4. 5 - Pigment</stron
Page 111 and 112: Table 4. 6 - Colour attributes <str
Page 113 and 114: FiguresFigure 4. 1 - Growth curves
Page 115 and 116: Figure 4. 3 - Muscle colour attribu
Page 117 and 118: the effects of dietary reduced-caro
Page 119 and 120: astaxanthin deposi
Page 121 and 122: After steeping, ke
Page 123 and 124: 0.9994 and 0.9999,
Page 125 and 126: under acidic and a
Page 127 and 128: oxidation within t
Page 129 and 130: colour difference usin</str
Page 131 and 132: TablesTable 5. 1 - Analyzed proxima
Page 133 and 134: Effects of
Page 141 and 142: Data are mean (n=2).a Steepwater pH
Page 143 and 144: CHAPTER - 6 GENERAL DISCUSSIONCurre
Page 145 and 146: significant reduction in</s
Page 147 and 148: Reduction of pigme
Page 149 and 150: though wheat gluten meal conta<stro
Page 151 and 152: BibliographyAas, G.H., Storebakken,
Page 153 and 154: Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Wathne, E
Page 155 and 156: Choubert, G., Cravedi, J., Laurenti
Page 157 and 158: Fauconneau, B., Andre, S., Chmaitil
Page 159 and 160: Johnston, I., Li, X., Vieira, V., N
Page 161: Li, M.H., Oberle, D.F., Lucas, P.M.
Page 165 and 166: Skonberg, D.I., Hardy, R.W., Barrow
Page 167: Ytrestoyl, T., Struksnæs, G., Kopp
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