Pigment Reduction in Corn Gluten Meal and Its Effects on Muscle ...

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Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g starch <strong>and</strong> gluten are centrifuged to form a two layer system (denser starch <strong>in</strong>the hypo phase <strong>and</strong> lighter prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the epi phase). Prote<strong>in</strong>-rich gluten is further concentrated,dried <strong>and</strong> recovered as corn gluten meal. Starch is further processed <strong>and</strong> ref<strong>in</strong>ed for feed, food<strong>and</strong>/or <strong>in</strong>dustrial processes (i.e. ethanol, sweeteners, etc) (Davis, 2001).2.7.3 <strong>Corn</strong> gluten meal: nutritional value <strong>and</strong> use <strong>in</strong> animal diets<strong>Corn</strong> gluten meal (CMG) is a high prote<strong>in</strong> (60% m<strong>in</strong>imum), highly digestible by-productof the corn wet mill<strong>in</strong>g. Prote<strong>in</strong> from corn gluten meal is composed ma<strong>in</strong>ly of ze<strong>in</strong> (68%),glutel<strong>in</strong> (27%) <strong>and</strong> small amounts of globul<strong>in</strong>s (1.2%) (Cha et al., 2000). Compared to fish meal,corn gluten meal has an imbalanced am<strong>in</strong>o acid profile with lys<strong>in</strong>e, methion<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> tryptophanbe<strong>in</strong>g the more deficient ones compared to fish meal.CGM is a rich source of vitam<strong>in</strong> B complex <strong>and</strong> E source <strong>and</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>s low amounts ofphosphorus (Skonberg et al., 1998). Dewatered or wet CGM conta<strong>in</strong>s 35 – 40% solids. Howeverbefore be<strong>in</strong>g marketed it is dried to obta<strong>in</strong> a ~90% of dry matter content (Park et al., 1997).Due to its high nutritional value, low cost <strong>and</strong> relatively good availability, CGM isgenerally utilized as a feed <strong>in</strong>gredient for a wide variety of rum<strong>in</strong>ant <strong>and</strong> mono gastric animals<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g fish.2.7.4 Use of corn gluten meal <strong>in</strong> diets for terrestrial animals<strong>Corn</strong> gluten meal is widely utilized <strong>in</strong> diets for terrestrial animals, ma<strong>in</strong>ly due to its highprote<strong>in</strong> content, elevated yellow pigment level <strong>and</strong> relative low cost (<strong>Corn</strong> Ref<strong>in</strong>ers Association,17
2010). However, due to its imbalanced am<strong>in</strong>o acid profile, it must be mixed with differentcommodities or supplemented with synthetic am<strong>in</strong>o acids <strong>in</strong> order to reach am<strong>in</strong>o acidrequirements (Peter et al., 2000).CGM has been commonly <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> formulated diets for poultry as a yellowxanthophyll pigment source <strong>in</strong> order to enhance sk<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> yolk pigmentation (Sasse <strong>and</strong> Baker,1973). Carotenoid content <strong>in</strong> eggs from birds fed a CGM based diet varied from 24 to 30 µg g -1 ,<strong>and</strong> xanthophyll concentration <strong>in</strong> body tissues <strong>and</strong> egg yolk are well correlated with those present<strong>in</strong> the diet (Surai et al., 2001).Inclusion of corn gluten meal <strong>in</strong> diets for grow<strong>in</strong>g chicks as a prote<strong>in</strong> source has showedno negative effects on growth. No differences <strong>in</strong> weight ga<strong>in</strong>, feed <strong>in</strong>take, or feed efficiency(ga<strong>in</strong>:feed ratio) were observed for chicks fed an am<strong>in</strong>o acid fortified CGM based diet (18%<strong>in</strong>clusion), compared to birds fed a corn-soybean positive control diet dur<strong>in</strong>g a 12 days trial(Peter et al., 2000).In rum<strong>in</strong>ant nutrition, CGM is considered an effective source of bypass (slowlydegrad<strong>in</strong>g) prote<strong>in</strong>. A comb<strong>in</strong>ation of CGM (3%) <strong>and</strong> dehydrated alfalfa (15%) resulted <strong>in</strong> ahigher daily ga<strong>in</strong> when compared to a soybean meal (9%) based diet <strong>in</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g steers (200 kg,<strong>in</strong>itial body weight) dur<strong>in</strong>g a 112 days growth trial (Rock et al., 1983).In dairy cows, a dietary <strong>in</strong>clusion of 6% of CGM <strong>and</strong> blood meal <strong>in</strong> a 50:50 comb<strong>in</strong>ationratio, resulted <strong>in</strong> multiparous Holste<strong>in</strong> cows (614 kg, average <strong>in</strong>itial weight) consum<strong>in</strong>g more drymatter <strong>and</strong> produc<strong>in</strong>g milk with higher prote<strong>in</strong> percentage compared to those fed a control dietbased conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g urea (0.2%) after a four week trial period (De Gracia et al., 1989).18
Page 1 and 2: Pigment Re
Page 3 and 4: ingredients. Furth
Page 5 and 6: Thanks to all my colleagues, friend
Page 7 and 8: 2.10.1 Enzymatic treatments .......
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTable 3. 1 - Factors
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2. 1 - Molecu
Page 13 and 14: Ingredients commonly in</st
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 In
Page 17 and 18: leached when 5% of soy flour as LOX
Page 19 and 20: deep and fast glyc
Page 21 and 22: observed in ra<str
Page 23 and 24: Chylomicron constituents are remove
Page 25 and 26: Muscle growth in r
Page 27: 2.7.2 Corn gluten
Page 31 and 32: No differences in
Page 33 and 34: supplemented with 42% of a vegetabl
Page 35 and 36: Soybean seeds are the richest known
Page 37 and 38: 2.10.1.4 Bleaching
Page 39 and 40: 2.11 ConclusionInclusion of <strong
Page 41 and 42: 4.0%*68%* 5.6%* 12%* 3.5%* 6.5%*Fig
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 4 - Schematic representat
Page 45 and 46: 3.1 IntroductionThe characteristic
Page 47 and 48: many factors such as LOX source lev
Page 49 and 50: During the 12-week
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Analytical methodsDry matter
Page 53 and 54: solution was generated by mix<stron
Page 55 and 56: 3.2.4 Statistical analysisData from
Page 57 and 58: Factors defined as
Page 59 and 60: chromatography). Relative amounts o
Page 61 and 62: After carotenoids are absorbed thro
Page 63 and 64: and ended up <stro
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. 2 - Experimental design us
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. 4 - Analysed proximate com
Page 69 and 70: Proximate composition (Analysed; dr
Page 71 and 72: Table 3. 7 - Lipoxygenase activity
Page 73 and 74: 18 1 0 -1 0 120 15 0 10 2519 -1 0 1
Page 75 and 76: Table 3. 10 - HPLC carotenoid profi
Page 77 and 78: Table 3. 12 - Retain</stron
Page 79 and 80:
Table 3. 14 - Fillet carotenoid con
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Total yellow pigment(mg•kg -1 )25
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Figure 3. 4 - Growth curve of ra<st
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effects of dietary CGM and<
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soybean meal in a
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were randomly samp
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An aliquot (1 ml) of chloroform low
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Retained nitrogen
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significant (p
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Values for all-trans astaxanth<stro
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previous reports where colour attri
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Proximate composition (analysed), d
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Table 4. 2 - Growth performance of
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Table 4. 3 - Carcass chemical proxi
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Table 4. 4 - Retain</strong
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Table 4. 5 - Pigment</stron
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Table 4. 6 - Colour attributes <str
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FiguresFigure 4. 1 - Growth curves
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Figure 4. 3 - Muscle colour attribu
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the effects of dietary reduced-caro
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astaxanthin deposi
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After steeping, ke
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0.9994 and 0.9999,
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under acidic and a
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oxidation within t
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colour difference usin</str
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TablesTable 5. 1 - Analyzed proxima
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Effects of
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Data are mean (n=2).a Steepwater pH
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CHAPTER - 6 GENERAL DISCUSSIONCurre
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significant reduction in</s
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Reduction of pigme
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though wheat gluten meal conta<stro
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BibliographyAas, G.H., Storebakken,
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Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B., Wathne, E
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Choubert, G., Cravedi, J., Laurenti
Page 157 and 158:
Fauconneau, B., Andre, S., Chmaitil
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Johnston, I., Li, X., Vieira, V., N
Page 161 and 162:
Li, M.H., Oberle, D.F., Lucas, P.M.
Page 163 and 164:
Peter, C.M., Han, Y., Bolin
Page 165 and 166:
Skonberg, D.I., Hardy, R.W., Barrow
Page 167:
Ytrestoyl, T., Struksnæs, G., Kopp
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