The Ecology of Hydric Hammocks - USGS National Wetlands ...

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\fr.a2;1i1:~s spp. ) and tldlil cvprcss!T7% .' -1 i?l~~tt~h~m). are rare, Eiyc:r rc ~dtr~acks fr-ctjuently are situ~ledon gentle slopes betwecr~ rneslc h,nfn.ltockor plne flatwoods and r~vcr swamp, wetpra~rie, or marsh. The prcctbc houndaries between the rnnmlun~ tit.:, are eliisive, yet a dist~nct cctmbrr~atlnn ofplants, animals, and pl-iyslcal conditronscharacterize Iiydrlc har:?mr\rks andmake then recogr>izable in ilreat vluss,the three classificationsagree that hydri c hammocks di ffer frommost oth~r wetlands in their vegetatlor1 and tiydroi ogy. Swamps of mixedhardwoods or cypress tend to bef iooded more frequently and regularly,for a longer period, and to a greaterdepth than hydric hammocks. Bayheads(a1 so call ed bay swamps or baygalls)are distinguished by their constantseepage, peat substrate, and abundanceof bay trees. River flow influencesfloodplain and bottom1 and forests,Table 1. Classifications of freshwater, forested wetlands in Florida. Communities on the same line areapproximately equivalent. In some cases, a class in one list Is Subdivided into several classes inanother list.So i 1 Conservat ionService (1981)f lorida Natural Areas Wharton et a?. (1977)Inventory (1984)Bottomland hardwoodsSwamp hardwoodsCypress swampScrub cypressShrub bog-bay swampPitcher plant bogWet1 and hardwood hammockCabbage palm hammockFloodplain forest;Floodplain swampFreshwater tidal swampStrand swampDomeBasin swampBayy a1 1 ; BogSeepage slopeHydri c hammockWet fl atwoodsBottom1 and forestAlluvial river swampBlackwater river swampBackswampSpringrun swampTidewater swampCypress strandCypress pond (dome)Gum pond and swampLake border swampDwarf cypressBay swamp; Shrub bogHerb bogBog swampSeepage swampSouth Florida hammockHydric hammock
whereas hydric hammock is a still-waterwetland (Wharton et a7. 1977).Typicz??;~ on alluvial fIoodp:afns,bottomland hardwood forests contain anumber of species that are absent fromhydric hammocks, notably overcup oak(Quercus lyrata), water hickory (Caryaaquat ica) , cottonwood (Popu7us heterophy7la), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis).The most extensive stands of hydrichammock are found in Florida along theGulf of Mexico from Aripeka in thesouth to St. Marks in the panhandle(Figure 1). Almost a continuous belt,the hammock forest lies just landwardof salt marsh. Another large standinhabits part of the west bank of theupper St. Johns River and, inland ofcoastal dunes, a narrowr strip of hydrichammock parallels the Atlanticshore of northeastern Florida. Manysmall er stands are scattered about,primarily in the northern and centralregions of peninsular Florida. Hydrichammocks are scarce in the panhandlewest of St. Marks, and their southernlimit is subject to debate. Hydrichammocks of cabbage palm, live oak,swamp laurel oak, and red maple to thewest and north of Lake Okeechobee weredescribed by R. Harper (1927); probablythis is the southern extent oftheir range (Figure 1). Farther tothe west, hydric hammock dominated byORANGE LAKESILVER SPRINGSINOLE COUNTYEKlVA SPRINGSHILLSBOROUGHRIVERMYAKKA RIVERIFigure 1. Distribution of hydric hammocks in Florida. Locations of the largest stands and thosesampled in the present study are shown. Numerous stands too small to delineate at this scale occurthroughout the northern and central sections of the peninsula. Dashed line is the contour of 15-melevation.
Page 2 and 3: Copies of this publication may be o
Page 4 and 5: DISCLAIMERThe opinions and recommen
Page 6 and 7: CONVERSION TABLEMetric to U.S. Cust
Page 8 and 9: FIGURESNumber1AL...............Dist
Page 10 and 11: NumberTABLESPaqeClassifications of
Page 13: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION"Hammock, ho
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL SElTiNG2.3 CLIM
Page 19 and 20: Recent and PIe~sIoLene sands clay m
Page 21 and 22: ern vegetation associations formed-
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Comparison of surface soil
Page 25 and 26: throughout the year in Florida, and
Page 27 and 28: Figure 13. Flooding and drydown of
Page 29 and 30: +southari:magnolla+-------cabbage p
Page 31 and 32: frequency may be once per year in f
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Plants occurring in hydric
Page 35 and 36: Table 4. (Continued).Scientific nam
Page 37 and 38: of the subcanopy and shrub layers i
Page 39 and 40: sites were not chosen randomly;rath
Page 41 and 42: When present in a hydric hammock,ca
Page 43 and 44: hydric harriniock forests. These sp
Page 45 and 46: was the most frequent shrub in the
Page 47 and 48: Gulf Hammock is rep1 aced abruptly
Page 49 and 50: A sequence of changes in plantmat a
Page 51 and 52: I ~ U mapleswamp laurel oak 3:1100b
Page 53 and 54: The salt concentration of hydricham
Page 55 and 56: Cabbage palm is the most fire-toler
Page 57 and 58: frequent fires, a1 though timber ha
Page 59: Figure 38. Tree blowdowns due to hu
Page 62 and 63: locally collected litter lost 85% o
Page 64 and 65:
Table 7. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 66 and 67:
Table 8. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 68 and 69:
4.3 BIRDS4.3.1 Community StructureM
Page 70 and 71:
Table 11. (Concluded).- ----Variabl
Page 72 and 73:
and cerambyci d beet1 es) . Unl i k
Page 74 and 75:
no specific habitat preference; it
Page 76 and 77:
not take place in years of mast fai
Page 78 and 79:
Graves 1977). These observations su
Page 80 and 81:
Consumption of fleshy fruits by res
Page 82 and 83:
CHAPTER 6. LINKAGES WITH OTHER ECOS
Page 84:
R Amerlcan swallow-tailed kite b. t
Page 87:
Conner, W.H., and J.W. Day, Jr. 197
Page 90 and 91:
Duck foods in managed tidalimpoundm
Page 92 and 93:
Puri, M,S., 3.W, Yon, and W.R.Ogles
Page 94 and 95:
Wharton, C.H. 1977. The naturalenvi
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