The Ecology of Hydric Hammocks - USGS National Wetlands ...

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Figure 19. Hydric hammocksat the inland edge of Gulf Hammock feature a diverse mixture of swamplaurel oak, sweetgum, Florida elm, hornbeam, loblolly pine, sweetbay, and red maple. Cabbage palmis absent.Figure 20. Hydric hammock forest of cabbage palm, five oak, and southern red-cedar adjoinsfreshwater prairie along the upper St. Johns River.
When present in a hydric hammock,cabbage palm was nearly always the?redorninant tree (Tab1 e 5). Ouercusspecies, especi a1 1 y 1 i ve oak and swamplaurel oak, were always important, andsweetgum and Florida elm often wereabundant. Tree species that frequentlyappeared in moderate numbersincluded red map1 e, water oak, sweetbay,sugarberry, swamp tupelo, greenash, and swampbay. Some species were1 ocal ly abundant, but absent or scarceel sewhere. For exampl e, southern redcedarshared the canopy with cabbagepalm and live oak in hydric hammocksalong the upper St. Johns River and inthe coastal reaches of the gulfcoastal hammocks (Figure 21); mostother hydric hammocks lacked thisspecies (Table 5). Loblolly pine wasfar more common in some hydric hammocksthan in others and was the dominantspecies in hydric forest nearSilver Springs run (Table 5; Figure22). There, mature pines averaged 25-35 m in height and towered over a subcanoDvof typical hvdri c-hammockspecies: cabbage palm, live oak,sweetgum, and water oak (Figure 23).This association of tree species wasdistinguished from hydric hammock andtermed "short-1 eaf pine and cabbagepalmetto bottoms" by Harper (1915) and"loblolly pine hammock" by the FloridaGame and Fresh Water Fish Commission(1976). Instead, we consider the SilverSprings forest to be a variant ofhydric hammock that contains an unusuallyhigh abundance of loblol ly pine.Loblol ly pine-dominated hammock isvery extensive in the Silver Springsregion, and it also occurs in smallpatches within many large hydric hammocks.Some tree species are characteristic, although infrequent, members ofFigure 21. Coastal hydric hammock where it adjoins salt marsh, Gulf Hammock, Levy County. Thecanopy consists entirely of cabbage palm, southern red-cedar, and live oak.
Page 2 and 3: Copies of this publication may be o
Page 4 and 5: DISCLAIMERThe opinions and recommen
Page 6 and 7: CONVERSION TABLEMetric to U.S. Cust
Page 8 and 9: FIGURESNumber1AL...............Dist
Page 10 and 11: NumberTABLESPaqeClassifications of
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION"Hammock, ho
Page 15 and 16: whereas hydric hammock is a still-w
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL SElTiNG2.3 CLIM
Page 19 and 20: Recent and PIe~sIoLene sands clay m
Page 21 and 22: ern vegetation associations formed-
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Comparison of surface soil
Page 25 and 26: throughout the year in Florida, and
Page 27 and 28: Figure 13. Flooding and drydown of
Page 29 and 30: +southari:magnolla+-------cabbage p
Page 31 and 32: frequency may be once per year in f
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Plants occurring in hydric
Page 35 and 36: Table 4. (Continued).Scientific nam
Page 37 and 38: of the subcanopy and shrub layers i
Page 39: sites were not chosen randomly;rath
Page 43 and 44: hydric harriniock forests. These sp
Page 45 and 46: was the most frequent shrub in the
Page 47 and 48: Gulf Hammock is rep1 aced abruptly
Page 49 and 50: A sequence of changes in plantmat a
Page 51 and 52: I ~ U mapleswamp laurel oak 3:1100b
Page 53 and 54: The salt concentration of hydricham
Page 55 and 56: Cabbage palm is the most fire-toler
Page 57 and 58: frequent fires, a1 though timber ha
Page 59: Figure 38. Tree blowdowns due to hu
Page 62 and 63: locally collected litter lost 85% o
Page 64 and 65: Table 7. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 66 and 67: Table 8. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 BIRDS4.3.1 Community StructureM
Page 70 and 71: Table 11. (Concluded).- ----Variabl
Page 72 and 73: and cerambyci d beet1 es) . Unl i k
Page 74 and 75: no specific habitat preference; it
Page 76 and 77: not take place in years of mast fai
Page 78 and 79: Graves 1977). These observations su
Page 80 and 81: Consumption of fleshy fruits by res
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 6. LINKAGES WITH OTHER ECOS
Page 84: R Amerlcan swallow-tailed kite b. t
Page 87: Conner, W.H., and J.W. Day, Jr. 197
Page 90 and 91:
Duck foods in managed tidalimpoundm
Page 92 and 93:
Puri, M,S., 3.W, Yon, and W.R.Ogles
Page 94 and 95:
Wharton, C.H. 1977. The naturalenvi
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