The Ecology of Hydric Hammocks - USGS National Wetlands ...

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Duck foods in managed tidalimpoundments in South Carol ina. J.a,..,wt 141. k~2~j2. 4":7?1-778Laurent, P. 1906. Bird notes from aFlorida porch. Bird-Lore 8:67.Layne, J.N. 1970. Terrestri a1wi ldl jfe of the Okl awaha regionalecosystem. Pages 33-41 inEnvironmental impact of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal with specialemphasis on the Oklawaha regionalecosysteg. El orSda Defenders of theEnvironment, Gainesvil le. 115 pp.Layne, J.N. 1976. Introduction.Pages 8-11 in J.N. Layne, ed.Mammal s . Rare and endangered biotaof Florida, Vol. 1. UniversityPresses of Florida, Gainesvi 1 le.Leitman, H.M., J.E. Sohm, and M.A.Frank1 in. 1983. Wetl and hydrologyand tree distribution of theApalachicola River flood plain,Florida. U.S. Geol. Surv. WaterSupp. Pap. 2196-A. 52 pp.Lewis, T.H. 1907. Spanish explorersin the southern United States 1528-1543. Char1 es Scri bner's Sons, NewYork. 411 pp.Lichtler, W.F., W. Anderson, and B.F.Joyner. 1968. Water resources ofOrange County, Florida. Fl a. Geol .Surv. Rep. Invest. No. 50. 150 pp.Little, E. L., Jr. 1978. Florida.Atlas of United States trees, Vol.5. U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ . 1361. 22pp., 268 maps.Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist ofUnited States trees (native andnatural izedj. Agric. Handb. No.541. U.S.D.A. For. Serv.,Washington, D.C. 375 pp.Livingston, R.J. 1984. The ecologyof the Apalachicol a Bay system: anestuarine profile. U.S. Fish Wildl.Serv. FWS/OBS 82/05. 148 pp.Livingstone, R.J., and J. Duncan.1979. Short- and long-term effectsof forestry operations on waterqua7 i ty and epi benthic assemblagesof a north Florida estuary. Pages339-382 in R.J. Livingstone, ed.Ecological processes in coast.al andmarine systems. Plenum Press, NewYork.Maehr, D.S. 1984. The black bear asa seed disperser. Fla. Field Nat.12:40-42.Maehr, D.S., and J.R. Brady. 1984.Food habits of Florida black bears.J. Wildl . Manage. 48:230-235.Maehr, D.S., and J.T. DeFazio, Jr.1985. Foods of black bears inFlorida. Fla. Field Nat. 13:8-12.Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L.Nelson. 1951. American wild1 ifeand plants. McGraw Hill Book Co.,New York. 500 pp.Martin, R.A., and S.D. Webb. 1974.1.at.e Pl ei stocene mammal s from theDevil's Den fauna, Levy County.Pages 114-145 in S.D. Webb, ed.Pl ei stocene mammal s of Florida.University of Florida Press,Gainesville.Mattraw, H.C., and J.F. Elder. 1982.Nutrient and detritus transport inthe Apal achicola River, Florida.U. S. Geol . Surv. Water Supply Pap.2196-C.McComb, W.C., S.A. Bonney, R.M.Sheffield, and N.D. Cost. 1986.Den tree characteristics andabundance in Florida and SouthCarol ina. J. Wildl . Manage. 50:584-591.McKinley, D. 1985. The Carolinaparakeet in Florida. Fla. Orni tho1 .Soc., Spec. Publ. No. 2. 65 pp.McKnight, J.S., D.D. Hook, O.G.Langdon, and R.L. Johnson. 1981.Flood to1 erance and re1 atedcharacteristics of trees of thebottom1 and forests of the southernUnited States. Pages 29-69 in J.R.Clark and J. Benforado, eds.Wetl ands of bottom1 and hardwoodforests. Developments inAgricultural and Managed-forest
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Copies of this publication may be o
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DISCLAIMERThe opinions and recommen
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CONVERSION TABLEMetric to U.S. Cust
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FIGURESNumber1AL...............Dist
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NumberTABLESPaqeClassifications of
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION"Hammock, ho
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whereas hydric hammock is a still-w
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CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL SElTiNG2.3 CLIM
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Recent and PIe~sIoLene sands clay m
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ern vegetation associations formed-
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Table 3. Comparison of surface soil
Page 25 and 26:
throughout the year in Florida, and
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 13. Flooding and drydown of
Page 29 and 30:
+southari:magnolla+-------cabbage p
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frequency may be once per year in f
Page 33 and 34:
Table 4. Plants occurring in hydric
Page 35 and 36:
Table 4. (Continued).Scientific nam
Page 37 and 38:
of the subcanopy and shrub layers i
Page 39 and 40: sites were not chosen randomly;rath
Page 41 and 42: When present in a hydric hammock,ca
Page 43 and 44: hydric harriniock forests. These sp
Page 45 and 46: was the most frequent shrub in the
Page 47 and 48: Gulf Hammock is rep1 aced abruptly
Page 49 and 50: A sequence of changes in plantmat a
Page 51 and 52: I ~ U mapleswamp laurel oak 3:1100b
Page 53 and 54: The salt concentration of hydricham
Page 55 and 56: Cabbage palm is the most fire-toler
Page 57 and 58: frequent fires, a1 though timber ha
Page 59: Figure 38. Tree blowdowns due to hu
Page 62 and 63: locally collected litter lost 85% o
Page 64 and 65: Table 7. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 66 and 67: Table 8. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 BIRDS4.3.1 Community StructureM
Page 70 and 71: Table 11. (Concluded).- ----Variabl
Page 72 and 73: and cerambyci d beet1 es) . Unl i k
Page 74 and 75: no specific habitat preference; it
Page 76 and 77: not take place in years of mast fai
Page 78 and 79: Graves 1977). These observations su
Page 80 and 81: Consumption of fleshy fruits by res
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 6. LINKAGES WITH OTHER ECOS
Page 84: R Amerlcan swallow-tailed kite b. t
Page 87: Conner, W.H., and J.W. Day, Jr. 197
Page 92 and 93: Puri, M,S., 3.W, Yon, and W.R.Ogles
Page 94 and 95: Wharton, C.H. 1977. The naturalenvi
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