The Ecology of Hydric Hammocks - USGS National Wetlands ...

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Table 5. (Concluded).~i tesbSpecies ESJ TOS MYR TC SEM WEK NGH OPH HR' SS SFH IGHLoblol ly-bayDahoonWhite ashSouthern magnol i aPrunus sp.Dev i 1 woodPop ashSlash pineSpruce pineGreen hawNumberofspecies 4 11 5 12 11 10 22 13 16 10 12 17Basal area(m2/ha) 54 71 67 57 29 61 46 42 97 42 49 43Trees in sample 263 473 224 234 113 69 1,979 113 425 273 197 140aThe importance value of a species is one-half the sum of the relative density(percentage of total tree density in the sample) and the relative basalarea (percentage total basal area in the sample). Sites were sampled duringthe present study except where otherwise noted. Ten-meter-wide belt transectswere used to sample the trees. The number and length of transectsvaried with the size and heterogeneity of the hydric hammock.Site locations are shown on Figure 1. Code for hydric hammocks:ESJ = east side of upper St. Johns River (Seminole Ranch Recreation Area);TOS = Tosohatchee State Reserve, west side of upper St. Johns River;MYR = Myakka River State Park (Shep's Island);TC = Tiger Creek Nature Preserve;SEM = Seminole County, northwest corner adjacent to the St. Johns River(data from G. R. Best and P. Wallace, Center For Wetlands, University ofFlorida, Gainesvil le) ;WEK = Wekiva Springs run, Wekiwa Springs State Park (the spelling of thepark differs from that of the spring and river);NGH = northern gulf coastal hammocks, St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge(Thompson 1980) ;OPH = Orange Lake palm hammock, northeastern shore of Orange Lake, AlachuaCounty;HR = Hi llsborough River State Park (Wool fenden 1967) ;SS = Silver Springs run (north side), Marion County;SFH = San Felasco Hammock State Preserve (Sanchez Prairie);IGH = inland reach of Gulf Hammock (near Otter Creek, Levy County).All trees, no matter what diameter, were recorded along a 1-m wide, 300-mlongtransect. Besides the species for which data on density and diameterwere recorded, six additional tree species were noted in the plot(Wool fenden 1967).
sites were not chosen randomly;rather, they were selected to encompassthe hydrological and soil conditionsassociated with this communityand to demonstrate the degree of variationin plant composition.Hydric hammocks range from nearlymonospecific stands of cabbage palm(Figure 18) to diverse hardwoodforests 1 acking this species (Figure19; Table 5). Tree species (woodyplants 210 cm in diameter at breastheight) numbered from 5 to 22 perstand in the present study. Differencesin sample size may have accountedfor some, but not all, of thevariation in species richness amongthe forests. Hydric hammocks lyingbetween the pine flatwoods and freshwatermarshes of the St. Johns (Figure20) and Myakka (Figure 18) Riverbasins were the least diverse. Notonly were few species present--mainlycabbage palm, 1 ive oak, and southernred-cedar--but they were very unevenlyrepresented. Hydric hammocks of theGulf Hammock region (Figure 191, exceptingstands immediately adjacent tosalt marsh, contained many morespecies, and the trees were apportionedmore evenly among species.Monk and McGinnis (1966) compared diversityof tree species of ten forestcommunity types in north centralFlorida, including five categories ofsouthern mi xed hardwood forest(hammock) del ineated by content ofsoil moisture and soil calcium. The"wet calcareous cl imax southern mixedhardwoods" type was judged to be themost diverse. Locations of the standsused in the analysis were not given;however, the wet calcareous hardwoodstands probably were hydri c hammockssimilar to the diverse forests we sampledin the inland Gulf Hammock regionand in San Felasco Hammock State Preserve(Table 5).Figure 18. Cabbage palm predominates in hydric hammock along Upper Myakka Lake, Myakka RiverState Park.
Page 2 and 3: Copies of this publication may be o
Page 4 and 5: DISCLAIMERThe opinions and recommen
Page 6 and 7: CONVERSION TABLEMetric to U.S. Cust
Page 8 and 9: FIGURESNumber1AL...............Dist
Page 10 and 11: NumberTABLESPaqeClassifications of
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION"Hammock, ho
Page 15 and 16: whereas hydric hammock is a still-w
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL SElTiNG2.3 CLIM
Page 19 and 20: Recent and PIe~sIoLene sands clay m
Page 21 and 22: ern vegetation associations formed-
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Comparison of surface soil
Page 25 and 26: throughout the year in Florida, and
Page 27 and 28: Figure 13. Flooding and drydown of
Page 29 and 30: +southari:magnolla+-------cabbage p
Page 31 and 32: frequency may be once per year in f
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Plants occurring in hydric
Page 35 and 36: Table 4. (Continued).Scientific nam
Page 37: of the subcanopy and shrub layers i
Page 41 and 42: When present in a hydric hammock,ca
Page 43 and 44: hydric harriniock forests. These sp
Page 45 and 46: was the most frequent shrub in the
Page 47 and 48: Gulf Hammock is rep1 aced abruptly
Page 49 and 50: A sequence of changes in plantmat a
Page 51 and 52: I ~ U mapleswamp laurel oak 3:1100b
Page 53 and 54: The salt concentration of hydricham
Page 55 and 56: Cabbage palm is the most fire-toler
Page 57 and 58: frequent fires, a1 though timber ha
Page 59: Figure 38. Tree blowdowns due to hu
Page 62 and 63: locally collected litter lost 85% o
Page 64 and 65: Table 7. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 66 and 67: Table 8. Occurrence of reptiles and
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 BIRDS4.3.1 Community StructureM
Page 70 and 71: Table 11. (Concluded).- ----Variabl
Page 72 and 73: and cerambyci d beet1 es) . Unl i k
Page 74 and 75: no specific habitat preference; it
Page 76 and 77: not take place in years of mast fai
Page 78 and 79: Graves 1977). These observations su
Page 80 and 81: Consumption of fleshy fruits by res
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 6. LINKAGES WITH OTHER ECOS
Page 84: R Amerlcan swallow-tailed kite b. t
Page 87: Conner, W.H., and J.W. Day, Jr. 197
Page 90 and 91:
Duck foods in managed tidalimpoundm
Page 92 and 93:
Puri, M,S., 3.W, Yon, and W.R.Ogles
Page 94 and 95:
Wharton, C.H. 1977. The naturalenvi
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