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farmers. This depends on farmers’ having representative organizations and deals where farmers and investors alike are allowed a say in decisions—for example, joint investment ventures involving farmer-owned businesses. Similarly, effective farmer organizations and cooperatives can improve cultivators’ bargaining power vis-à-vis large-scale agribusinesses and allow them to aggregate small lots of produce or purchase inputs such as seeds and fertilizer in bulk. Integrated approaches to technology may make the most sense; integrated pest and soil fertility management relies primarily on organic fertilizer and biological pest control but judiciously employs synthetic pesticides and mineral fertilizers on occasion. Genetic engineering in agriculture remains a hotly contested topic, however. On the farm, it is possible to grow both cash and food crops, and of course every food crop is a potential cash crop, whether for local markets or export. In Central America, East Africa and Vietnam, small-scale farmers have grown fresh fruits and vegetables, thereby boosting their incomes and also their production of staple foods for their own families’ consumption and for the market. Technical knowhow acquired for the cash crops can be used on the staples as well. Finally, Sub-Saharan Africa needs agricultural investments in both highpotential and less-favored areas. The problem in the region is a general lack of agricultural investment, not neglect of particular agroecological zones. Renewed attention to agriculture in development circles is encouraging, despite the ongoing controversies. With virtually all projections indicating higher food prices for some time to come, and with poverty likely to remain concentrated in rural areas for the foreseeable future, agriculture will continue to be indispensable to the development enterprise. n Marc J. Cohen is a professorial lecturer in the International Development Program and senior researcher on humanitarian policy at Oxfam America. 24 <strong>SAIS</strong>PHERE HigH Food Prices and By David Fowkes
Economic Growth The debate over rising food prices—rather like the discussion about the Great Recession—is dominated by two kinds of arguments. For those with ascetic tastes, there is the austerity theme: We are living beyond our means, and rising food prices presage Malthusian decline. For those impatient with the jeremiads of scarcity, meanwhile, there is the promise of intervention: Ingenious technological solutions will once again raise the carrying capacity of the environment. 2011–2012 25
Page 1 and 2: S AISPHERE 2011- 2012 SAISPHERE THE
Page 3 and 4: Features 08 Global Agriculture: Gai
Page 5 and 6: A Message From the Dean Jessica P.
Page 7 and 8: discover that conflict causes food
Page 9 and 10: ulture Can a single sector feed the
Page 11 and 12: Resource Constraints on Food Supply
Page 13 and 14: low-income countries have had few i
Page 15 and 16: Reforms
Page 17 and 18: state of Uttar Pradesh, have regist
Page 19 and 20: volution By Pieter Bottelier
Page 21 and 22: When, as a result of market reforms
Page 23 and 24: culture the Answer? By Marc J. Cohe
Page 25: of less than two hectares (about fi
Page 29 and 30: But the 21st century has since deli
Page 31 and 32: Year of Agriculture atSAIS The gene
Page 33 and 34: While the going is good, it is easy
Page 35 and 36: Conf By P. Terrence Hopmann Year of
Page 37 and 38: of biofuels led to a jump in world
Page 39 and 40: By Tabitha Grace Mallory The Sea’
Page 41 and 42: tainable levels. Illegal fishing re
Page 43 and 44: India’s Water Crisis By Srinivasa
Page 45 and 46: Furthermore, because groundwater ca
Page 47 and 48: numbers are potentially catastrophi
Page 49 and 50: Counting on Agribusiness By Guy Pfe
Page 51 and 52: huge potential for expansion. From
Page 53 and 54: ing thePoor By Dalila Cervantes-God
Page 55 and 56: Boosting Food Security This leads u
Page 57 and 58: The New Oil? By Mariano Turzi In th
Page 59 and 60: and The ‘Right to Food’ Foreign
Page 61: food” into the charter and argues
Page 64 and 65: Hungry 1 Billion By Odette Boya Res
Page 66 and 67: countries cope with crisis manageme
Page 68 and 69: Bologna Institute for Policy Resear
Page 70 and 71: Autumn is a contradictory time for
Page 72 and 73: students, faculty and staff come to
Page 74 and 75: Events at the Center The Hopkins-Na
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2011 almon Current-use Fellowships
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Tomorrow’s Leaders, Today’s Phi
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SAIS Advisory Council T he SAIS Adv
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in tHe sPotliGHt Work With Internat
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eVents Alumni Communities Around th
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eVents Tokyo, Japan Jim armington
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eVents Panama City, Panama � sais
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eVents Current students and alumni
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ReFleCtions alumni news & notes The
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International Commercial Arbitratio
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1958 Dick Murphy ’58 and Luda Mur
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University of Oxford in March 2010
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professorial lecturer in the SAIS L
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Sam Whipple ’91 (back left), Arno
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peRCivaL mangLano ’98 has been ap
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D.C.-based nonprofit. AUA sends Ame
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from Haiti in February 2011, where
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We extend our gratitude to each don
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Why I Joined the Christian Herter S
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Kenneth X. Robbins Anne L. Rogers P
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Paul M. Holmes ◊ Repps B. Hudson
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Jae Youl Kim ✦ J. Morgan Landy Ch
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Gary Loberg Alex M. Lok Arthur R. L
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John B. Ivie Carol Ann M. Kenny Dea
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Elizabeth C. Wente Andrew A. Whitwo
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THANK YoU ... THANK YoU SAIS Volunt
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“We are deeply grateful for what
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