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more licenses than are scientifically sustainable, and corruption plagues the licensing process. Plus, these countries do not have the capacity to enforce fishing regulations or police their waters for illegal fishing. In Liberia, a country still recovering after years of civil war, the government effectively has no coast guard. Chinese vessels often fish illegally in Liberian waters, violating the three-nautical-mile artisanal fishing zone or landing fish in neighboring countries because the vessels do not possess a Liberian license. Though originally entirely a stateowned sector, now 70 percent of China’s distant-water fishing companies are privately owned. This means the government has much less control over their actions abroad than it once did. Is Aquaculture a Solution? Because of constraints on wild-catch fisheries, China has expanded its aquaculture sector and is currently the world’s largest producer. Between 1990 and 2000, employment in Chinese aquaculture grew by 189 percent. Although aquaculture is a potential solution to the depletion of wild fisheries, concerns over food safety and environmental issues persist. Farmed fish are kept in quarters tighter than those living in nature, resulting in fish disease that is treated with antibiotics. China struggles with clean water supplies, and aquaculture water may be contaminated with ambient biological and chemical pollution. Waste runoff from fish farming can in turn contaminate the local environment, and farmed fish interbreeding with wild fish remains a risk. The Broader Problem China is largely copying the fishing practices of developed countries, which have their own fishing fleets with global reach. Fishery subsidies throughout the industry have led to economic inefficiency. One study showed that 40 <strong>SAIS</strong>PHERE subsidies were equal to approximately half of one large fishing company’s net profit in 2008. Efforts to eliminate fishery subsidies through the World Trade Organization should continue. Also, some fishing methods—even though legal—are destructive. Many vessels are trawlers, which greatly Overfishing is a collective action problem that requires creative solutions through international cooperation. We are not oceans apart at all. damage the marine ecosystem because they scoop up every living creature in their path, targeted species or not. Chinese fishing companies sell about half of their catch, mostly the high-value species, to developed countries: the European Union, Japan and the United States. It is crucial to realize that consumer demand in these countries is driving unsustainable fishing. Western consumers can take steps to help stem fisheries depletion by making more informed choices about the seafood they buy and by advocating for better tracing and certification schemes. China is the largest aquaculture exporter to the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has detected in imported seafood from China unapproved antibiotic residues and other additives used to mitigate bacterial, fungal and parasitic growth. Some of these additives are carcinogenic, and antibiotic residues pose the risk of antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. The United States has also found mislabeled fish in its import inspections. China is working on improving its food safety standards, and developed countries should encourage and aid its efforts to do so. The country pays close attention to the stringent import-safety standards developed countries have in place. Overfishing is a collective action problem that requires creative solutions through international cooperation. We are not oceans apart at all. n Tabitha Grace Mallory N’06, ’08 is a Ph.D. candidate in the China Studies Program. Farmers are
India’s Water Crisis By Srinivasan Padmanabhan Year of Agriculture at<strong>SAIS</strong> Raj Kumar, who works a small farm in Doddaballapur, a rural village at the outskirts of Bangalore in southern India, looks anxious, his brow creased with worry as he scans the sky looking desperately for rain-laden clouds. His rice fields are dry and parched, and if the rains fail, he fears his crops will perish. Groundwater—the succor of farmers such as Kumar—has failed him, too. Its levels have dropped precariously and, worse, power supply to his irrigation pumps is irregular. This means the pumps are not operational when the need for water is greatest, and the poor quality of power delivered makes pumping a risk since the motors are likely to burn out. The cost of rewinding the burned-out motor coils because of lowsupply voltage conditions is an additional expense that Kumar can ill afford. on the frontline in battling the nation’s water-energy-poverty cycle 2011–2012 41
Page 1 and 2: S AISPHERE 2011- 2012 SAISPHERE THE
Page 3 and 4: Features 08 Global Agriculture: Gai
Page 5 and 6: A Message From the Dean Jessica P.
Page 7 and 8: discover that conflict causes food
Page 9 and 10: ulture Can a single sector feed the
Page 11 and 12: Resource Constraints on Food Supply
Page 13 and 14: low-income countries have had few i
Page 15 and 16: Reforms
Page 17 and 18: state of Uttar Pradesh, have regist
Page 19 and 20: volution By Pieter Bottelier
Page 21 and 22: When, as a result of market reforms
Page 23 and 24: culture the Answer? By Marc J. Cohe
Page 25 and 26: of less than two hectares (about fi
Page 27 and 28: Economic Growth The debate over ris
Page 29 and 30: But the 21st century has since deli
Page 31 and 32: Year of Agriculture atSAIS The gene
Page 33 and 34: While the going is good, it is easy
Page 35 and 36: Conf By P. Terrence Hopmann Year of
Page 37 and 38: of biofuels led to a jump in world
Page 39 and 40: By Tabitha Grace Mallory The Sea’
Page 41: tainable levels. Illegal fishing re
Page 45 and 46: Furthermore, because groundwater ca
Page 47 and 48: numbers are potentially catastrophi
Page 49 and 50: Counting on Agribusiness By Guy Pfe
Page 51 and 52: huge potential for expansion. From
Page 53 and 54: ing thePoor By Dalila Cervantes-God
Page 55 and 56: Boosting Food Security This leads u
Page 57 and 58: The New Oil? By Mariano Turzi In th
Page 59 and 60: and The ‘Right to Food’ Foreign
Page 61: food” into the charter and argues
Page 64 and 65: Hungry 1 Billion By Odette Boya Res
Page 66 and 67: countries cope with crisis manageme
Page 68 and 69: Bologna Institute for Policy Resear
Page 70 and 71: Autumn is a contradictory time for
Page 72 and 73: students, faculty and staff come to
Page 74 and 75: Events at the Center The Hopkins-Na
Page 76 and 77: 2011 almon Current-use Fellowships
Page 78 and 79: Tomorrow’s Leaders, Today’s Phi
Page 80 and 81: SAIS Advisory Council T he SAIS Adv
Page 82 and 83: in tHe sPotliGHt Work With Internat
Page 84 and 85: eVents Alumni Communities Around th
Page 86 and 87: eVents Tokyo, Japan Jim armington
Page 88 and 89: eVents Panama City, Panama � sais
Page 90 and 91: eVents Current students and alumni
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ReFleCtions alumni news & notes The
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International Commercial Arbitratio
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1958 Dick Murphy ’58 and Luda Mur
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University of Oxford in March 2010
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professorial lecturer in the SAIS L
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Sam Whipple ’91 (back left), Arno
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peRCivaL mangLano ’98 has been ap
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D.C.-based nonprofit. AUA sends Ame
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from Haiti in February 2011, where
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We extend our gratitude to each don
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Why I Joined the Christian Herter S
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Kenneth X. Robbins Anne L. Rogers P
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Paul M. Holmes ◊ Repps B. Hudson
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Jae Youl Kim ✦ J. Morgan Landy Ch
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Gary Loberg Alex M. Lok Arthur R. L
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John B. Ivie Carol Ann M. Kenny Dea
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Elizabeth C. Wente Andrew A. Whitwo
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THANK YoU ... THANK YoU SAIS Volunt
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“We are deeply grateful for what
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Show Your SAIS Pride Choose from a
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