WHOI-90-52

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. Many universities feel that the sponsor should not have an option for nonexclusive, royalty-free license beuse it prevents any other company from acquiring an exclusive license. In addition, any other company offered a nonexclusive, royalty beng license wil consider the advantage of a royalty-free license to the sponsor as to great an ecnomic advantage and time lag to be overcome and wil reject the offer; . More attntion nees to be given to deaing with ownership of intellectual propert resulting from joint inventions; and . State governments wil have trouble with the liabilty clause. States wil not be able to set up an agreement where they wil ever be liable even as a result of state negligence. Impacts of the New Allances All the parcipats in the new alliances, federa and state governments, universities and industr, are askig the question, "What are the results?" A strghtforward and expete question, but there are no simple answers. First, consider the following three genera observations: (1) It has been state ealier that cooperation has taen a number of forms. Any answer to the question -- "What are the results?" -- must tae into account this varation and diversity. Each ty of collaborative program must be considered separately; (2) We should not tr to answer this question too quickly, at least in a conclusive manner. We nee to continue to watch the experiments, make adjustments base on preliminar observations, and continue to improve and strengthen collaboration between universities and industr; (3) Each collaborative program should set reasonable goals and objectives; the progra accmplishments should be measured against appropriate expetations. Unreasonable expetations, which wil lead to failing marks for the collaborative progras, wil do significat har to the parcipating industral and academic institutions and to the overal science and tehnology enterprise. At this ealy stage in the operation of the programs, one ca only monitor program operations 29 The programs wil have nea-term or proximate and tae readings of work in progress. objectives that focus on the program strcture and operating procures such as strengthening graduate education in university resech, creating "centers of resech excellence" in selecte areas of science and technology, changing university and industr culture to promote a tre spirit 29Government-University-Industr Resech Roundtable, National Governors Assoiation, National Academy of Sciences, State Governnt Strategies for SelfAssessment of Science and Technology Program for Economic Development. (procings of a workshop held Apr. 10, 1987 in Washington, D.C.) (National Academy Press 1988). 103
of exchange among the university and industr scientists caing out the collaborative resech, achieving a certn ratio of industral support to government support and achieving a certn fraction of small and large companies pacipating in the program. These tys of proximate objectives should be state clealy at the outset of the progra and they should provide the foc point for the assessment of program progress and accmplishments in its ealy yeas of operation. The procsses through which R&D parerships ca contrbute to tehnologica innovation and ecnomic development are vared and complex and require patience and a long-term perspetive. Demonstrating such contrbutions wil be difficult. 30 In this regard, it is importt to point out another dimension of varation in'this complex system of university-industr coperation--the procss of innovation and the sources of tehnica change var by industr setor and even by the individual firm within a given setor. Understading the contrbutions of the new alliances to innovation requires an examination that looks at different industres separately. For example, many new organizational forms are emerging to promote industr-industr and industruniversity coperation in the micro-electronics and biotehnology industres. In the chemica industry, however, there is a long history of industr-university coperation that continues through more traditional mechanisms. Consideration must be given to the rationales for the different approaches use and to what the industr expets from each such approach. Expetations fi Ecnomic Development What should we expet of these alliances with respet to tehnologica innovation and ecnomic development? Perspetives of Raph Gomory, senior vice president for science and tehnology at ffM, and Harold Shapiro, president of Princeton University, may be considered in answering this question.31 According to Harold Shapiro: ... if we want to get economic growth out of new science and technology, we have to pay attention to wha I call "everything else, and the everything else really could not be summarized better than by saying "how groups work together" -- how we relate to each other, how we treat each other, and how we trut each other. . . . wha ma not be in our best interest is the belief tha superiority in science alone -- at the expense of "everything else" -- will ensure this country's economic strength. The lessons of history tell us otherwise. For example, it was not Britan's science and technologica superiority that made it first in the Industral Revolution. It was politica stabilty, it was the soiety's concept of private property, it was decntralization of authority in British 30Id. 31Gomory and Shapiro, A Dialogue on Competitiveness, Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 1988 (National Academy Press 1988); Gomory and Schmitt, Science and Product, SCIENCE, May 27, 1988. 104
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ABSTRACT Thirteen short papers addr
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The Status and Promise of Electroni
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During the two yeas we have been at
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There is currently a major debate r
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The Inuence of Japanes Industrial T
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profier, an ocea acoustic tomograph
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manufacturing would predict between
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References Advisory Committee for T
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e both winners and losers from the
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ecause they are major end users of
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A final, but not insignificat, set
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Europen Programs in Marne Science a
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proposa included a line item speifi
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from 12 Europe countres, has been a
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ut other industres have been affect
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Indee, if barers fall, the effect c
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References Andre, M. 1987. Resech a
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Peet, G. 1986. Techniques and metho
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These statistics becme a reaity dur
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should make it easier to coordinate
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proposas submitted to SBIR and appr
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An Overview of Technology Transfer
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follow the fortunes of that industr
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choosing resech paths. In general,
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Foundation (NSF) in 1985 and 1988,
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In the field of ocography, spin-off
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Opponunities for technology transfe
Page 59 and 60: "Strategic Allnces" as an approach
Page 61 and 62: summar then, the desired result of
Page 63 and 64: international ecnomic competitivene
Page 65 and 66: NAT LABS , .. R&D .... ... í7 I DE
Page 67 and 68: the radar were "burned in" for a pe
Page 69 and 70: Differences between ~ Defense am ~
Page 71 and 72: chemica industr's 1989 R&D.2S Bang
Page 73 and 74: We are seing a high use of facsimil
Page 75 and 76: pretty nealy global. Except for the
Page 77 and 78: Stadard-C wil disappoint some users
Page 79 and 80: Introduction The Status and Promi o
Page 81 and 82: optional feature of some systems. T
Page 83 and 84: in order to tae full advantage of t
Page 85 and 86: Fishermen and operators of workboat
Page 87 and 88: of the inherent limitations of rada
Page 89 and 90: One example is an America Petroleum
Page 91 and 92: intensification of domestic aquacul
Page 93 and 94: System Output The system output inc
Page 95 and 96: Although the geographica sce of pro
Page 97 and 98: In contrast with the heavily use wa
Page 99 and 100: "works." The tida data (Figure 2, p
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Page 103 and 104: Concluding Remarks Obviously we are
Page 105 and 106: All is not new. Commentators someti
Page 107 and 108: of academic resech is critica, both
Page 109: stang point, the model allows the p
Page 113 and 114: and progras. Benefits, on the other
Page 115 and 116: 14: 10 Technology Transfer and Inte
Page 117 and 118: 15:30 Where do we stad now? Gary Gl
Page 119 and 120: Dr. Allyn C. Vine Mr. Malte von Mat
Page 122: 50272.101 PAGE WHOI.90.52 REPORT DO
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WHOI-90-52

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