WHOI-90-52

Although individual countries maintan their own resech programs, increasingly, the Europe
approach to R&D has becme a quasi-cooperative one, in which large-sce, well-promote
projects are organized by international organizations. National scientific efforts thus are
"coordinated" to reduce the potential for duplicated efforts. These projects are heavily
"leveraged" in the sense that parcipants must bring substatial financial and in-kind
contrbutions to the project and international funds account for only a small proporton of the
tota. Cross-setoral technology transfer is emphasize and encouraged. Most of these resech
investments are only beginning to provide "returns" in a qualitative sense, and the success of
these programs has not been fully determined.
Most Western Europe countres are members of the Europe Community (EC) or "common
market" . 11 In October of 1986, the Europe Parliament issued an advisory resolution on the
establishment of an EC marne resech institute. The Europe Parliament found that:
. . . there is a serious lack of Community coordination in this field, leading to a substantial
waste of fund, a surplus of logistical capacity and, hence, reduced economic and scientifc
effcienc. . . . /Tlhe oceans represent an area with vast potential to which access can be gained
and which can be exploited only through advanced technology. . . . fHligh technology projects
in the field of oceanography can have a mobilzing effect both on growth industries and among
the peoples of Europe (emphais add) (BP, 1986).
Under the provisions of the Single Europe Act of 1987, the EC increase its own efforts
(distinct from but in concert with its member states) in such areas as R&D, environmenta
protection, and others. In 1987, the Commission of the Europe Communities (CEC) propose
its third five yea "Framework Programme of Community Activities in the Field of Resech and
Technological Development" (Andre, 1987). For the first time, the Framework Programme
11 Four other countries, including Norway and Finland, are members of the Europe Free
Trade Association (EFTA), a seond importt combination of Europe politica jurisdictions
for the purpses of trde enhancement. Since 1966, EFTA members have engaged in free trde
in industral goos among themselves. Individually, each EFT A member has negotiate
agreements with the EC for free trade in industral goos, and, under the provisions of the
"Luxembourg Declaration" of 1984, EFTA and EC have agree to foster increase free trade
and to cooperate in R&D and other areas. However, EFT A differs from the EC in that its
formation was a result of what Wallace describes as "negative reasons" directed toward the
rejection of "positive and extensive" collaboration. Much more than EC members, EFT A
countres se themselves as economicaly independent, politicaly sovereign, and miltaly
neutral. These factors act to distinguish EFT A members from their EC counterpars and may
preclude the full parcipation of EFT A members in the potential benefits of an integrated
common market. As a result, EFT A, like the United States and Japan, finds itself on the outside
lookig in at EC92 with concern.
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