WHOI-90-52

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manufacturers look for very speific high volume niches for their survival in that industry.) We have not identified any initiatives in Japan that portend increased efforts by its government in the marne consumer electronics industry. However, there is some reason to believe that the Japanese government has begun to taget the ocographic and environmenta monitoring instrmentation setor through government-sponsored R&D efforts. This may be parcularly troubling for U.S. manufacturers of these technologies, becuse this is not the typical mass market toward which most Japanese government support has been tageted in the past. In the defense and milta systems setor, there is mixed news. We expet to se increased competition from the Japanese in terms of components included in western defense systems. It is conceivable that there may be some market opportunities for U.S. vendors as Japan expands its parcipation in the western alliance antisubmarne warare (ASW) efforts (although this is a sensitive area not usually taked about openly). The principal sponsor of marne technology development efforts in Japan is the Science and Technology Agency (STA), parcularly through its subsidiar body, the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) (Okamura, 1987; Saeki, 1984). Table 2 in Hoagland and Kite-Powell's paper gives a general impression of the size of funding for ocographic resech in Japan (and compares it to the levels of other countres). STA is the primar sponsor of a number ofMEI-relevant projects that include the parcipation and paral sponsorship of Japanese industral corprations (STA, 1987). These projects are wort describing: 1. The Japanese are at the cutting-edge of marne submergence technology. JAMSTEC has operating experience with its own 200m capable deep diving manned submersible and has just taen delivery of its "world class" 6500m deep diving submersible, the Shinka 6500. This submersible wil be equippe with the capabilty for sending television signals acousticaly. 2. JAMSTEC has constrcted and successfully operate a 300m remotely operate vehicle (ROV), the Dolphin 3-K. Beginning in 1992, R&D efforts are planned for a 10,OOm capable ROV. The development and manufacturig budget for this ROV has been estimated at $20 milion. 3. JAMSTEC is involved in several instrmentation projects as components in the design of a much larger "marne environmenta control system." These include marne remote sensing tehnologies, relate parcularly to eaquake prediction, and geologic and seismic sensors. 4. There are several interagency projects, including one directed at the development of new ocographic instrumentation for exploitation of the Japanese EEZ (Chijiya and Odamak, 1988). These include fast collection and procssing systems for oc data and oc "condition" observational instruments. Among the speific instrument typs are composite optica sensors for sewater analysis, a ship-mounted acoustic doppler current 7
profier, an ocea acoustic tomography system, and aD "intellgent" sonar system for the measurement of ocic fish and plankton populations. This line of resech has been postpned but may resume in the future. In addition to JAMSTEC, MEI technologies are under development or are being sponsored by several other government resech institutions (Westwoo, 1989). Detaled descriptions of these institutions ca be found in ST A (1988). Among these, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Mm) has a number of projects involving deep se minerals and offshore oil and gas development. However, the Japanese industr has suffered the same kind of downturn in the ocs setor as the U.S. industr. MITI's deep sebed mining project, one of its tageted national large-scae R&D efforts, was initially planned as a nine yea, $100 milion large-scale project to sta in 1981. Funding droppe to roughly one third of the initial level after the third or fourth yea and has never been increase. The project is now approaching its terminus. The Martime Safety Agency (MSA) (locted in the Ministr of Transporttion) wil become a major player in ocea instrmentation. MSA's Oc Surveys Division and Coasta Surveys and Photography Division are responsible for integrated marne survey and reseach for bathymetric charng and marne surveys. MSA is heavily involved in the development of instrmentation to serve its missions. These technologies include GPS and interactive editing systems for nautical chars. Other government agencies include the Japan Weather Association (drift buoys for wave observation); the National Reseach Institute of Fisheries Engineering (echo sounders and sonar for fisheries resource surveys; physica oceaographic sensors); the Geological Survey QÍ Japan (ocea thermal energy conversion reseach); the National Reseach Institute for Pollution and Resources (manganese nodule recovery system reseach); the Ship Reseach Institute (integrated navigation systems; arificial intellgence); the Port and Harbor Reseach Institute (a "walking robot" for underse observation); the Geographical Survey Institute (hydrology and coasta se mapping). The major marne trade association, the Japan Oc Industries Association, is not involved in oc instrmentation development, although it does sponsor reseach in offshore oil and gas production and pollution control technologies (JOIA, 1987). Japanese Trade Policies There are two primar strategies that ca be employed by the Japanese to shift the competitive advantage in their favor (ACTPN, 1989). One strategy involves the imposition of taffs and quotas that ca act to shut down home markets. The other strategy involves so-called "invisible" barers to trde, and these may be the most importt to U.S. manufacturers in the MEI field. In Table i, relative average taff levels in the United States are compared with those in the Europe Community countres and Japan for raw materials, semi-manufactures, and finished manufactured goos (Balassa and Michalopoulos, 1986). Notably, Japanese taffs realy are not out-of-line with those in the United States. In fact, these data do not reflect reforms that have been instituted in Japan during the past yea that actually have the effect of lowering taff barers in Japan. 8
Page 2: -- !! -== -I" 0- ;; .- -rt õ=.. ai
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Thirteen short papers addr
Page 7 and 8: The Status and Promise of Electroni
Page 9 and 10: During the two yeas we have been at
Page 11 and 12: There is currently a major debate r
Page 13: The Inuence of Japanes Industrial T
Page 17 and 18: manufacturing would predict between
Page 19 and 20: References Advisory Committee for T
Page 21 and 22: e both winners and losers from the
Page 23 and 24: ecause they are major end users of
Page 25 and 26: A final, but not insignificat, set
Page 27 and 28: Europen Programs in Marne Science a
Page 29 and 30: proposa included a line item speifi
Page 31 and 32: from 12 Europe countres, has been a
Page 33 and 34: ut other industres have been affect
Page 35 and 36: Indee, if barers fall, the effect c
Page 37 and 38: References Andre, M. 1987. Resech a
Page 39 and 40: Peet, G. 1986. Techniques and metho
Page 41 and 42: These statistics becme a reaity dur
Page 43 and 44: should make it easier to coordinate
Page 45 and 46: proposas submitted to SBIR and appr
Page 47 and 48: An Overview of Technology Transfer
Page 49 and 50: follow the fortunes of that industr
Page 51 and 52: choosing resech paths. In general,
Page 53 and 54: Foundation (NSF) in 1985 and 1988,
Page 55 and 56: In the field of ocography, spin-off
Page 57 and 58: Opponunities for technology transfe
Page 59 and 60: "Strategic Allnces" as an approach
Page 61 and 62: summar then, the desired result of
Page 63 and 64: international ecnomic competitivene
Page 65 and 66:
NAT LABS , .. R&D .... ... í7 I DE
Page 67 and 68:
the radar were "burned in" for a pe
Page 69 and 70:
Differences between ~ Defense am ~
Page 71 and 72:
chemica industr's 1989 R&D.2S Bang
Page 73 and 74:
We are seing a high use of facsimil
Page 75 and 76:
pretty nealy global. Except for the
Page 77 and 78:
Stadard-C wil disappoint some users
Page 79 and 80:
Introduction The Status and Promi o
Page 81 and 82:
optional feature of some systems. T
Page 83 and 84:
in order to tae full advantage of t
Page 85 and 86:
Fishermen and operators of workboat
Page 87 and 88:
of the inherent limitations of rada
Page 89 and 90:
One example is an America Petroleum
Page 91 and 92:
intensification of domestic aquacul
Page 93 and 94:
System Output The system output inc
Page 95 and 96:
Although the geographica sce of pro
Page 97 and 98:
In contrast with the heavily use wa
Page 99 and 100:
"works." The tida data (Figure 2, p
Page 101 and 102:
". o ,. - LI u . '- 0 o .c 0: 0: ::
Page 103 and 104:
Concluding Remarks Obviously we are
Page 105 and 106:
All is not new. Commentators someti
Page 107 and 108:
of academic resech is critica, both
Page 109 and 110:
stang point, the model allows the p
Page 111 and 112:
of exchange among the university an
Page 113 and 114:
and progras. Benefits, on the other
Page 115 and 116:
14: 10 Technology Transfer and Inte
Page 117 and 118:
15:30 Where do we stad now? Gary Gl
Page 119 and 120:
Dr. Allyn C. Vine Mr. Malte von Mat
Page 122:
50272.101 PAGE WHOI.90.52 REPORT DO
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WHOI-90-52

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