WHOI-90-52

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RAW MATERIALS SEMI-MANUFACTURE FINISHED MANUFACTURE Source: Baassa and Michalopoulos (1986) Table 1: Relative Average Tarff Levels (% Ad Valorem) USA EC .JAPAN However, as shown in Table 2, the degree of speialization in Japanese industr is not nealy as high as in other countres. Lawrence (1987) measures the degree of speialization using an "intra-industr manufacturing trade index." Using 1980 data from 94 industres, the index is a weighted measure of the balance between exports and imports across those industres. In effect, the index measures the extent to which there is an export-import balance within a countr's industres. For Canada, Finland, Frace, West Germany, Itay, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the index is between roughly 0.5 to 0.8. This indicates a higher exportimport balance within industres in these countries in comparson to Japan with an index of 0.25. What this meas is that, within Japanese industres, there is a lot of exportng, but this is not accompanied by importng from abroad. These industres are supplied with components or other supplies manufactured in Japan. The primar implication of this kind of analysis is that trade barers may exist. Source: Lawrence (1987) 0.2 3.0 5.7 0.2 4.2 6.9 Table 2: Intra-Industr Manufacturing Trade Indices, 1980 (94 Industries) CANADA FINLAND FRANCE FRG ITALY .JAPAN NORWAY UK USA 0.68 0.49 0.82 0.66 0.61 0.25 0.51 0.78 0.60 In Japan, there is a distinct preference for Japanese goos and services. Baassa and Noland (fortcoming) have found that, base upon national attrbutes, a model of import penetration in 9 0.5 4.6 6.0
manufacturing would predict between 25 to 40 percent more imports than what is currently observed in Japan. Much of this effect may be attributed to the fact that the Japanese have been tremendous savers. Until the last few yeas, Japanese ta laws nave systematically encouraged personal savings (eaings on these accounts were ta exempt). But these laws have changed recntly, and we ca begin to se a more consumer-oriente economy in Japan, with a narowing difference between the relatively high savings rate in Japan and the much lower rate in the United States. What about the invisible barers? The most significat one probably is "administrtive. II It emerges from the intimate relationship between the governmenta agencies and the industrial organizations in Japan. It implies that the government officials tell (prhaps informally) Japanese companies whether or not to import and from which Japanese companies to purchase supplies. This is just another manifestation of governmenta economic cordination. Stadards testing and certification is another area in which there have been complaints about Japanese practice. The stadards required by the Japanese for imported products are not always clealy ariculated, and frequently they are written in such a way as to appe to favor Japanese products and to "lock-out" U.S. products. Invisible barers tend to crop up in public procurement as well. Such barers involve the use of single tenders, short bid times, complex qualifying procures, and a general lack of transparency in the procurement procss. Furthermore, in Japan there is a systematic "defense" of depresse industres. Among these is included the shipbuilding industr, and electronics instrmentation for ships may be favored through support for this industr. Two more invisible barers are importt to mention. One concerns the lag between invention disclosure and patent issuance. In Japan this period averages about six yeas (compared with two in the Unite States). Thus there is concern that the longer lag period leads to imitation and quasi-infringement of technologies develope outside Japan. Finally, the complexity of distrbution channels may have a significat effect on the extent to which U.S. products ca compete in Japanese markets. Baassa and Noland (fortcoming) have explained that: Commercial practices, many unique only to Japan, ha severely inhibited the abilty of companies wishing to enlarge their share of the market. For example, it is virtually impossible to sell to Japan without having an affliated company doing the marketing and distribution...the structure of Japan's distribution network is a major impediment to our exporters gaining a fair share of the market. The distribution network is so complex tha the imported product becomes very expensive by the time it reaches the consumer. Conclusion It is importt to point out a trend in Japan concerning the decline in the strength and depth of the market faced by marne tehnologies. In order to fill a gap in the market, the Japanese have 10
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Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Thirteen short papers addr
Page 7 and 8: The Status and Promise of Electroni
Page 9 and 10: During the two yeas we have been at
Page 11 and 12: There is currently a major debate r
Page 13 and 14: The Inuence of Japanes Industrial T
Page 15: profier, an ocea acoustic tomograph
Page 19 and 20: References Advisory Committee for T
Page 21 and 22: e both winners and losers from the
Page 23 and 24: ecause they are major end users of
Page 25 and 26: A final, but not insignificat, set
Page 27 and 28: Europen Programs in Marne Science a
Page 29 and 30: proposa included a line item speifi
Page 31 and 32: from 12 Europe countres, has been a
Page 33 and 34: ut other industres have been affect
Page 35 and 36: Indee, if barers fall, the effect c
Page 37 and 38: References Andre, M. 1987. Resech a
Page 39 and 40: Peet, G. 1986. Techniques and metho
Page 41 and 42: These statistics becme a reaity dur
Page 43 and 44: should make it easier to coordinate
Page 45 and 46: proposas submitted to SBIR and appr
Page 47 and 48: An Overview of Technology Transfer
Page 49 and 50: follow the fortunes of that industr
Page 51 and 52: choosing resech paths. In general,
Page 53 and 54: Foundation (NSF) in 1985 and 1988,
Page 55 and 56: In the field of ocography, spin-off
Page 57 and 58: Opponunities for technology transfe
Page 59 and 60: "Strategic Allnces" as an approach
Page 61 and 62: summar then, the desired result of
Page 63 and 64: international ecnomic competitivene
Page 65 and 66: NAT LABS , .. R&D .... ... í7 I DE
Page 67 and 68:
the radar were "burned in" for a pe
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Differences between ~ Defense am ~
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chemica industr's 1989 R&D.2S Bang
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We are seing a high use of facsimil
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pretty nealy global. Except for the
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Stadard-C wil disappoint some users
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Introduction The Status and Promi o
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optional feature of some systems. T
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in order to tae full advantage of t
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Fishermen and operators of workboat
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of the inherent limitations of rada
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One example is an America Petroleum
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intensification of domestic aquacul
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System Output The system output inc
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Although the geographica sce of pro
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In contrast with the heavily use wa
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"works." The tida data (Figure 2, p
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". o ,. - LI u . '- 0 o .c 0: 0: ::
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Concluding Remarks Obviously we are
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All is not new. Commentators someti
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of academic resech is critica, both
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stang point, the model allows the p
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of exchange among the university an
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and progras. Benefits, on the other
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14: 10 Technology Transfer and Inte
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15:30 Where do we stad now? Gary Gl
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Dr. Allyn C. Vine Mr. Malte von Mat
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50272.101 PAGE WHOI.90.52 REPORT DO
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WHOI-90-52

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